This is a Ukrainian translation of the article "Substantive and Functional Definition of Philosophy" by the famous Polish thinker, researcher and critic of Marxism, epistemologist Leszek Kolakowski. It examines the nature of philosophy, its purposes, and its functions, which it performs in the life of an individual as well as in social life. Therefore, the author examines various definitions of philosophy from different positions: scientific, transcendental, traditional and functional. The latter is the main one, because Leszek Kolakowski adheres to it. Philosophy is a natural phenomenon in human life and human communities. It is a manifestation of a human being's desire to express a discursive view of the world
A reviewed monograph considers the problem of wilderness. According to the author, wilderness should be considered as wilderness. Wilderness as wilderness overcomes the anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric limitations of all attempts to theoretically justify the need to protect wilderness, including environmental philosophy, bioethics, religious concepts of the environment, etc. Therefore, the author of the monograph offers a "nobody's and nowhere" view of wilderness and only it can reveal the true value of wilderness as such.
A new collective monograph on the founder of the Lviv-Warsaw School Kazimierz Twardowski, edited by Jacek Jadacki, a professor at the University of Warsaw, deepens our knowledge of this outstanding figure in Polish culture and science. This collective monograph reveals Kazimierz Twardowski as a multifaceted personality: a patriot, a philosopher, a teacher, and a scholar. The review examines all sections of the collective monograph, which are united by a common goal – to show the uniqueness of the figure of Kazimierz Twardowski. He managed to create a philosophical school with its methodology and approaches to solving philosophical problems, which gradually changed its meaning from local to global, pan-European and even global within the framework of analytical philosophy.
For the first time, the work "Critical Remarks on Positivistic Logic" by the famous Polish philosopher Roman Ingarden (1893–1970), whose researches in the field of ontology, phenomenology and aesthetics have significant achievements in the world philosophy, is translated into the Ukrainian. In addition, he conducted research in such areas as linguistics and logic. But these, so to speak, applied studies of language and logic were, in one way or another, connected with his ontological and realistic-phenomenological views. Roman Ingarden's "Critical Remarks on Positivistic Logic" is a work in his analytical study of the logic of propositions (calculus of propositions). In this work Polish phenomenologist and ontologist strictly demonstrates anti-positivistic approach to the role of propositions in a human cognition and life.
For readers of the journal, we propose the first Ukrainian translation of the article "Historiography of Philosophy: Four Genres" by the American postmodernist philosopher Richard Rorty, in which he considers possible strategies of historic-philosophical researches and their role in the development of philosophical thinking. Richard Rorty claims that the main task of historic-philosophical researches is to constantly change the philosophical canon, not to allow it to catch in certain stereotypical views of well-known philosophers who are part of it, for instance, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel and others. Therefore, he accused doxography in the mummification of "famous philosophers" and neglect of those philosophers who worked on the border of philosophy, science, politics, economics, morality, medicine and even criminology. The involvement of such "non-philosophers", as they are considered by historians-doxographers, in the philosophical canon expands the philosophical issues and stimulates the formulation of new philosophical questions, which are not on the agenda of the stiffened philosophical canon. Therefore, Richard Rorty rejects doxography as a genre of historic-philosophical researches, but instead of it proposed to use historical reconstruction, rational reconstruction and intellectual history as genres of historic-philosophical researches. Combining them, we will be able to see a vivid picture of the development of philosophy, not just certain canonical figures that cover another history of philosophy, which consists of research on the border of philosophy and other humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.
n this article, the author considers the particularities of Franz Brentano's psychognosy (descriptive psychology) in the context of notion of "basic" or "analytic" truths and his methodological approaches to scientific, philosophical investigations as well as his influence upon Kasimir Twardowski, who was the pupil of Brentano and accepted the main points of his methodological program.The author also stresses that the study of Brentano's and Twardowski's heritage is important for tracing the origin of scientific/analytic philosophy. It is very important to investigate Brentano-Twardowski relations in the context of the concept of "basic truths" or "analytic truths". Brentano stresses that "basic truths" can be found thanks to "psychognosy" or "pure psychology". For Twardowski, psychology is the base for philosophical investigations because it helps to understand the formation of notions and judgements.This article is also dedicated to the inquiries of Brentano's and Twardowski's legacy provided by Ukrainian scholars Borys Dombrowskiy and Yanosh Sanotskiy. The reception of Brentano's theory of judgement in Dombrowskiy's works and the problem of Brentano's psychologism in Sanotskiy's works were examined.
The author considers the particularities of Jiddu Krishnamurti's negativism. Jiddu Krishnamurti is a well-known thinker, spiritual teacher, and master, who did not join in with anytrend of religion, philosophy or social and political movements. The atypical nature of his negativism is that Jeddah Krishnamurti rejects the external forms of achieving freedom and truth, emphasizing the impossibility of cultivating and developing a sense of love, and draws attention to the need for an internal revolution here and now. It is carried out only on the basis of a choiceless, total, and careful observation of the whole field of life, which includes the individual and society, the observer and the observed. Such observation leads to the destruction of the self as a center in which the past (experience) and projection (future) are intertwined. Being here and now, without any support for the past or for the future, a person realizes truth and freedom, and her/his only feeling is the love for the whole creation. The significance of the basic concepts used by Jiddu Krishnamurti several times to explain his position during meetings, as well as in his books is analyzed. These are concepts of active now, unconscious awareness, conditionality, denial, nothingness, emptiness, that make possible certain streamlining of his philosophy and defining its basic concepts. ; У статті розглянуто особливості неґативізму Джидду Крішнамурті — відомого мандрівного проповідника, мислителя, який не приєднався до жодного напрямку релігії, філософії чи суспільно-політичного руху. З'ясовано нетиповість його неґативізму, яка полягає в тому, що, відкидаючи зовнішні форми досягнення свободи та істини, наголошуючи неможливість культивувати та розвивати почуття любові, Джидду Крішнамурті звертає увагу на необхідність внутрішнього перевороту тут і тепер. Він здійснюється лише на ґрунті безоцінного тотального та уважного спостереження за цілим полем життя, яке містить у собі індивіда та суспільство, спостерігача та спостережуване. Таке спостереження веде до знищення «я», яке є центром, де переплітаються минуле (досвід) та проекції (майбутнє); опинившись тут і тепер, без жодного опертя на минуле чи на майбутнє, людина усвідомлює істину та свободу, а її єдиним почуттям є любов до всього творіння. Проаналізовано значення головних понять, якими Джидду Крішнамурті неодноразово послуговується для пояснення своєї позиції під час зустрічей та у своїх книжках: активне тепер, безоцінне усвідомлення, зумовленість, неґація, Ніщо, порожнеча, що дає можливість певним чином впорядкувати його філософію та визначити її головні поняття.
In this article, the author considers Kazimierz Twardowski's conception of thinking and his rationalism. The author argues that rationalism of Kazimierz Twardowski is atypical, because it is a combination of inductive and deductive methods of cognition and acquisition of knowledge. Beside this, his rationalism has constructive tendencies. Kazimierz Twardowski was an analytic philosopher, who payed big attention to the process of thinking and analyzed the forms of thinking, i.e. notions and judgments. Polish philosopher and the founder of Lviv-Warsaw School was convinced that a specialist in philosophy in order to do good philosophy must understand the specificity of thinking process, its forms and how to construct them. Therefore psychology of thinking is very important for philosopher, because it can help to understand the nature of thinking. Beside psychology of thinking, logic is also very important tool for doing philosophy. Logic is very helpful for philosopher, who takes care about the strictness and clearness of thinking, about formation of strict and clear judgments. Logical analysis of notions and judgments provides strong protection against linguistic mistakes which are connected with linguistic inaccuracy and obscurity.
