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This book is a historical study of the development of agrarian class relations among the tribal population in Tripura. Tracing the evolution of Tripura and its agrarian relations from monarchy in the nineteenth century to democracy in the twentieth century, the book discusses the nature of the erstwhile princely state of Tripura, analyses the emergence of differentiation within tribes, and documents the emergence of the tribal movement in the state. It specifically focuses on the tribal movement led by the Ganamukti Parishad, beginning with the historic revolt of 1948-51 against state repression on the tribal people, followed by the mass movements in the 1950s and 1960s, which were founded on a recognition of class relations and the slogan of unity across the tribal and non-tribal (Bengali) peasantry. The first of its kind, the book will be indispensable for students and researchers of tribal studies, agrarian studies, exclusion studies, tribe-class relationships, minority studies, sociology, development studies, history, political science, north-east India studies, and South Asian studies. It will also be useful for activists and policymakers working in the area.

Anthropological–sociological studies since the colonial period in India largely saw tribes as homogeneous, unchanging and undifferentiated groups which were free from conflicts or exploitation. This article critiques this notion of tribe and shows heterogeneity within tribes through an analysis of the social history of Tripura in the north-east region of India and mass movement of tribal organisations like the Ganamukti Parishad therein in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. As a princely State, Tripura showed the presence of socio-economic exploitation and contradiction between social strata in the second half of nineteenth century. In the late 1940s, the GMP formulated a notion of tribe that intersected the categories of peasant and class. It was the result of this formulation that class unity between tribal and non-tribal (Bengali) peasantry was an important pivot in its mass movement during this period. In addition, the development of landed class among Tripura tribes over the last few decades is a new and important feature of the state's agrarian structure, and was further proof of the development of socio-economic heterogeneity within tribes. This article, thus, argues for a dynamic notion of tribe that changes with time and has close linkages with other categories like peasant and class.

Pakistan is engaged on several fronts in the fight against the endemic insecurity resulting from a fragile regional environment & is often viewed as an ambiguous player. The author describes in detail the factors governing Pakistan's anti-terrorist posture.

This article, based on a study conducted in a tea plantation of Upper Assam, documents and analyses the struggle for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status by the Adivasis in Assam, which is linked to a larger demand for indigeneity and tribal recognition in the state and in the Northeast. It examines the nature of this struggle in recent times through both its contestations of indigeneity and claims upon citizenship by drawing on personal narratives and interviews with activists and workers of Adivasi students' organisations and tea workers' unions who have been in the forefront of this struggle.

Purpose of the Study To study how Apoteket AB can retain its customers after the government decision to implement de-regulation in Swedish pharmaceutical market. Apoteket AB was the only state-owned pharmacy for more than 38 years but now they are in competition with other pharmacy operators including supermarkets and gas stations. The main purpose of this study is to find out those vital factors which are important to customers in selecting pharmacy operators for buying prescription and non-prescription products. Approach The study begins by reviewing the Swedish pharmaceutical market and parliament decision of de-regulation about Apoteket AB monopoly. The literature then reviews the PESTEL framework, Porter model, customer relationship management and 7 P's of marketing mix. We use Umeå university library for gathering material for our literature review. After that the authors reviewed different pharmacy operators and potential entrants in the Swedish pharmacy market. For this case study the authors have gathered the data through customer survey and semi-structured interview. The data was collected in Umeå (Sweden) with the help of questionnaire. We have collected the data with the help of convenience sampling technique at different locations in Umeå. Interview was conducted with Apoteket AB brand manager to understand their point of view about our research question. SPSS was used for analyzing the quantitative data, mainly descriptive statistic and Mann-Whitney U test were used for this purpose. Finally all the information's were carefully analyzed by comparing with theories before drawing the final conclusion. Findings Four important aspects of customer's retention were found; which are more community pharmacies, extended opening hours, low prices of over the counter products and added value to individual customers. Our respondents also show great confidence over the Apoteket AB personnel (Pharmacists). On the other hand we have also found that people appreciate the removal of Apoteket AB monopoly. Furthermore, we have found that after the implementation of de-regulation in Swedish pharmacy market over the counter (OTC) products have shown a 20% growth. The reason behind this growth may be the easy excess to such products and extended opening hours of supermarkets. The authors have also observed that people are willing to buy prescription products from other operators.

Clean and green environment along with sustainable development is the prime objective of every state. We explore empirically the nexus between tourism, environmental pollution measured by carbon (CO2) emissions, population, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in six countries from the Commonwealth of Independent States over 1995–2018. Traditional panel estimation technique is employed, where the Hausman test suggests fixed-effects over random effect estimator. We also employed the robust least squares (RLS) estimator to confirm the empirical estimates. Results show that a 1% increase in CO2 will attenuate the economic growth by 0.14% and that 1% raise in the tourism activities can boost growth by 0.04%. Both the fixed-effect and RLS estimates reveal that tourism, population growth and trade contribute significantly to economic growth, whereas CO2 adversely affect growth. The Granger causality test shows a two-way causality between economic growth and CO2 and between growth and trade. Empirical results also indicate a one-way causality between growth and FDI, population and FDI, population and CO2 along with population growth and tourism. These findings suggest that adopting effective policies that can expand trade, enhance FDI and promote the tourism sector with minimum environmental damage will ultimately accelerate sustainable economic development.