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Die Entwicklung des Welthandels -- Der deutsche Außenhandel -- Regionale Schwerpunkte des Welthandels -- Gründe für Außenhandelsbeziehungen -- Beurteilung von Außenhandelsbeziehungen -- Importpolitik -- Exportpolitik -- Internationale Handelspolitik -- Elemente einer internationalen Wettbewerbsordnung -- Die Entwicklungsländer im Welthandel.

Like other Third World countries the Philippines emphasized the promotion of cooperatives as strategic instruments for the implementation of government programs. Since they had to fulfill official functions those state-sponsored cooperatives never were able to develop a bottom-up participation of members and target groups. Particularly in the agrarian sector failures in promoting cooperatives were followed by new programs hardly differing from preceding approaches. This observation holds true for the first FACOMA program and the new cooperative development plan as well which was initiated in 1972. The results of this study justify drawing some general conclusions concerning the discouraging results of governmental cooperative promotion pro- grams: - Since rural development is given too little emphasis within national development programs, rural based cooperatives are not allowed to play an active role in the development process. - Cooperatives very often seem to be used as instruments to control the rural population and to stabilize the political system of the respective region. - Macro-economic andpoliticalexpectations of the social and economic contributions of cooperatives usually diverge from traditional cooperative objectives. - Government promoters who initiate and implement cooperatives generally disregard fundamental cooperative principles, e.g. participation of members, ability of the target group to take over responsibilities, homogeneity of members etc. - Officialized cooperatives are dominated by representatives of social elites who are in a better position to make use of the benefits granted. - Being usually obliged to render services also to non-members these cooperatives suffer from lack of support of their members. - Traditional social and economic relations between members and non-members reduce the potential number of transactions with the cooperative and reduce its ability to survive.

In keeping with the "Law on the basic regulations for co-operatives" in Indonesia which was issued in 1967, co-operatives are to be developed as one of the dominant units of the national economy of Indonesia. Their main functions are to be the raising of the standard of living of the people and the democratization of the national economy while the government is to render guidance, inspection, protection and facilities. Besides the general patterns for co-operative development stipulated in the law, special patterns for the development of small village unit co-operatives(KUD) have been created since 1971. However, until now KUDs have mainly been involved in carrying out government development programs such as distribution of farm inputs and marketing of farm produce. With the implementation of the third Five-Year Plan, Repelita III 1979-1984, the concept was changed and the KUDs were transformed into multi-purpose co-operatives while their working area was enlarged. In keeping with the political decisions expressed in the "Broad Outlines on State Policy", GBHN, the important Presidential Decree No. 2/1978 and the third Five-Year-Plan itself, the role which co-operatives shared in national development increased at the beginning of 1978. This development, however, was only achieved by ever increasing support from the government side providing in the form of facilities and financial aids. Therefore, KUDs in Indonesia could no longer be looked upon as self-help organizations; they are state-initiated and state-controlled development agencies and, as such, are strategic instruments for the implementation of government programs. Aims like "democratization of national economy" and "encouraging the unity of the people in order to organize the management of the economy of the people" as stipulated in the co-operative law could not be attained in this way. It is difficult to finally judge the Indonesian form of co-operative policy. On the one hand, some approaches have to be regarded as useful and steps in the right ...