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This collection brings together research supported by the RAI's Urgent Anthropology Fellowships Fund into communities whose culture and social life are under immediate threat with the aim of identifying ways of strengthening such communities through ethnographic work.

Through the study of civil society, the evolution of social relations, and the breakdown of social order, Order and Anarchy re-examines the role of violence in human social evolution. Drawing on anthropology, political science, and evolutionary theory, it offers a novel approach to understanding stability and instability in human society. Robert Layton provides a radical critique of current concepts of civil society, arguing that rational action is characteristic of all human societies and not unique to post-Enlightenment Europe. Case studies range from ephemeral African gold rush communities and the night club scene in Britain to stable hunter-gatherer and peasant cultures. The dynamics of recent civil wars in the former Yugoslavia, Chad, Somalia and Indonesia are compared to war in small-scale tribal societies, arguing that recent claims for the evolutionary value of violence have misunderstood the complexity of human strategies and the social environments in which they are played out

1. Introduction / Robert Layton -- 2. On the construction of art anthropology in China / Fang Lili -- 3. Back to life : on the development of anthropology of art as a discipline / He Ming and Hong Ying -- 4. Arts initiative, choice of perspective and cultural thinking : research perspectives and procedures in the anthropology of art and ethnomusicology / Yang Minkang -- 5. Mental illness and music-dance therapy : anthropological analysis of the Mongolian Andai dance / Se Yin -- 6. Folk rites and customs : nurturing the cultural space of traditional music artistry / Xiang Yang -- 7. Experience close to home and reflection close to one's self : approaches to urban music fieldwork and their significance / Luo Qin -- 8. No dream, no future : a study of the aesthetic dimensions of the "Chinese dream" and the tasks of literary critics / Wang Jie -- 9. Construction, practice and reproduction of the 'beauty' of Hanfu / Zhou Xing -- 10. The qi and tao in the perspective of the anthropology of art / Wang Jianmin -- 11. Afterword / Luo Yifei.

Attribution as a ConceptAbsolute Attribution; Relative Attribution; Relative attribution concepts; Inherent versus Learnt Behaviors; Hiding Behavior; Consistency of Behavior; Relative Attribution Techniques; Authorship Analysis; Limitations and Issues; Research Streams; Conclusions; References; Chapter 4 -- Enhancing Privacy to Defeat Open Source Intelligence; Introduction; Scenario; Requirements and Threats; Preliminaries; The PIEMCP; Formal Security Analysis with CPN; Attack Scenarios; Verification Results; Removing Trusted ARM; Performance Analysis of FSSO-PIEMC

Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Prosperity and Crisis -- History and Crisis: A Theory of Cultural Proximity -- Michel Serres: A Muse -- The Greek Economic Crisis (2009-) -- Initial Local Reactions to Crisis -- Chapter Overview -- CHAPTER 2 Ethnography on the Plain of Thessaly -- Trikala: A Town of Contrasts -- Spaces of Socialization -- Away from Asklipiou -- The Anthropologist's Home from Home: The Village of Livadi -- Livelihoods in Trikala -- Living with a Family in the Field -- CHAPTER 3 Return of the Tsiflikades: Crisis and Land Tenure 1881-1923 -- Tsiflikia: A Brief History of Changing Social Relations -- Agrarian Reforms: 1917 Onward -- The Impact of Anatolian Refugees on Land Reform -- Return of the Tsiflikades:The Temporality of Land in the Current Economic Crisis -- The First Example of Cultural Proximity -- CHAPTER 4 Hungry with the Same Famine -- The 1941-43 Great Famine -- Famine in Trikala? -- A Tale of Two Cities: Dimitris Psathas and Dimitra Papafotis -- Food and Crisis in Trikala -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER 5 Things to Forget, Things to Remember: The Greek Civil War -- Civil War Trikala -- "Greek Crisis": Remembering and Forgetting the Civil War -- Selective Proximity -- CHAPTER 6 Public Faces: Food and Protest in the Current Crisis -- Money Eating -- The Humble Vegetable -- The 1973 Polytechnic Uprising: "Bread, Education, Freedom" -- Futuristic Policy and Protest -- Food and Suicide: The Proximity of the Stock Market Crash -- Suicide in the Twenty-First Century Economic Crisis -- In Lieu of Conclusion -- CHAPTER 7 Transforming the Public Sphere -- Reassessing the Public Sphere -- Public Sphere in Times of Crisis -- Collective Defiance and Solidarity -- Escapism, Collective Suffering, and Blame -- Culture Change? -- CHAPTER 8 Status in Crisis -- 2008 Beach Odyssey.

All forager (or hunter–gatherer) societies construct niches, many of them actively by the concentration of wild plants into useful stands, small-scale cultivation, burning of natural vegetation to encourage useful species, and various forms of hunting, collectively termed 'low-level food production'. Many such niches are stable and can continue indefinitely, because forager populations are usually stable. Some are unstable, but these usually transform into other foraging niches, not geographically expansive farming niches. The Epipalaeolithic (final hunter–gatherer) niche in the Near East was complex but stable, with a relatively high population density, until destabilized by an abrupt climatic change. The niche was unintentionally transformed into an agricultural one, due to chance genetic and behavioural attributes of some wild plant and animal species. The agricultural niche could be exported with modifications over much of the Old World. This was driven by massive population increase and had huge impacts on local people, animals and plants wherever the farming niche was carried. Farming niches in some areas may temporarily come close to stability, but the history of the last 11 000 years does not suggest that agriculture is an effective strategy for achieving demographic and political stability in the world's farming populations.