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This article comments on the article by Sampson and Laub in this issue. It congratulates them on locating and interviewing at approximately age seventy a large proportion of the survivors of the Glueck and Glueck (1968) study. It also points out problems, some resulting from the impact of privacy regulations. Other problems arose from the age of the subjects at follow-up, resulting in half being already deceased; from askingmento explain their desistance from crime, when they may not understand it themselves; and from the methods of testing childhood predictors of desistance. The study results apply only to serious juvenile delinquents and cannot be assumed to generalize to crime in general, including that which begins later and includes white-collar criminals. Preliminary studies to serve as the basis for such a broad approach are suggested.

This article comments on the article by Sampson and Laub in this issue. It congratulates them on locating and interviewing at approximately age seventy a large proportion of the survivors of the Glueck and Glueck (1968) study. It also points out problems, some resulting from the impact of privacy regulations. Other problems arose from the age of the subjects at follow-up, resulting in half being already deceased; from asking men to explain their desistance from crime, when they may not understand it themselves; and from the methods of testing childhood predictors of desistance. The study results apply only to serious juvenile delinquents and cannot be assumed to generalize to crime in general, including that which begins later and includes white-collar criminals. Preliminary studies to serve as the basis for such a broad approach are suggested. References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2005 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

A follow-up study of 524 former child-guidance clinic patients & 100 normal control subjects provides an unusual opportunity for studying diff's among 3 groups: (1) subjects who willingly cooperated with requests for a life history interview, (2) subjects who cooperated only after postponements & indecisiveness, & (3) subjects who refused the interview. Since a variety of records concerning both childhood behavior & adult adjustment of these subjects had been collected, it was possible to compare them with respect to variables not ordinarily available in survey res. The 10% of subjects who cooperated only after postponements & indecisiveness were distinguished from cooperative subjects only by being more often local (ie, living in the city which served as headquarters for the study). The 16% who initially refused were also found to come disproportionately from the local group, & were as well persons of low educ, with routine white collar occup's, & foreign-born parents. No signif diff's were found between the 27% of initial refusers finally persuaded to cooperate & the remaining refusers. Ex-patients, with a high rate of both psychiatric disease & serious antisoc behavior, appeared no more difficult to interview about their life histories than control subjects. Subjects reluctant to be interviewed appeared to give as valid interviews as the cooperative subjects, as judged by information obtained from police, Sch, & soc agency records. AA.

Exploring the ARDL modeling techniques, this study hypothesized that the internal and external economic conditions respond differently to exchange rate regimes. Covering the period between 1970 and 2020, the study shows that both fixed regime and intermediate regimes have the potential of causing declining inflation (INFL) compared to floating exchange rate regimes. However, when the economic condition is considered from the external perspective measures using trade balance, the magnitude of the impact of both fixed and intermediate regimes appears to be relatively higher for the external economic condition (trade balance) compared to inflation which is a measure for internal economic condition. More importantly, our findings tend to find support in a number of the previous studies.

Seventy-three telephone interviews during the initial COVID-19 shutdown explored coping strategies among African American Christians. Open-ended questions and Likert-type scale items assessed faith, advice given, helpful Scriptures, worship practices, belief in God, and religion and spirituality's importance. Most participants reported coping well and following governmental guidelines. Frequent church attendance before the shutdown was significantly associated with less worrying and being less anxious. Married individuals also reported less worrying. We discuss limitations, future research, and implications.

IN JULY 1958 THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM SENT INTERVENTION FORCES INTO LEBANON AND JORDAN. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE ATTITUDES, INTENTIONS AND MOTIVES OF THE ACTIVE PARTIES IN THIS INTERVENTION TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE OPERATIONS WERE AN EARLY FORM OF "WIDER PEACEKEEPING," OR A LATE ATTEMPT AT COLONIALISM. IT CONCLUDES THAT THE OPERATIONS IN THE LEVANT IN 1958 CONTRIBUTED TO THE TEMPORARY MAINTENANCE OF RELATIVE PEACE AND STABILITY, BUT CANNOT BE REGARDED AS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS WITHIN THE ACCEPTED DEFINITION OF "TRADITIONAL PEACEKEEPING." OVERALL, THE AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLITICIANS TOOK A CYNICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL VIEW OF THE UNITED NATIONS. THE U.S. OPERATION WAS CONCERNED WITH COLD WAR PUBLIC RELATIONS. THE BRITISH ACTION WAS AN ATTEMPT AT COLONIALISM, BUT A DECADENT FORM OF LATE COLONIALISM, A NOSTALGIC ADVENTURE WHICH MISFIRED.