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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Transliteration -- 1. The Political Determinants of Religion -- Historic Moments -- Nationalism in the Middle East -- Modernization Theory -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Religion as a Dependent Variable -- Conclusion -- 2. The Taming of Islam in Egypt -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- 3. The Transformation of Judaism in Israel -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- 4. The Politics of Religion in "Secularist" Turkey -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Outcomes -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- 5. State Shiism in Iran -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- 6. State Sunnism in Saudi Arabia -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- 7. Reconciling Religion and Politics -- Balance -- Identity -- Ideology -- Institutions -- Political Culture -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index

During the 1990s, legal issues arising from governors exercising their item‐veto powers were prevalent. These issues arose despite the fact that in most instances, state constitutions grant these powers to governors. Also, legal issues were prevalent, even though these powers had been exercised for decades; one might have expected that most legal issues would have been resolved long before the 1990s. Topics in court included standing, advisory opinions, definitions of 'appropriation' and 'item,' reasons used by governors in exercising the veto power, post‐adjournment vetoes, and labor relations in conjunction with item‐vetoes that affect personnel. The item‐veto cases need to be considered in the broader context of state government, which encompasses such topics as initiatives and referenda, biennial budgeting, school desegregation mandates by courts, and balanced budget requirements. No single topic dominated litigation in the 1990s, but instead a breadth of topics was evident.

Both Australia and the United States have reconfigured their public personnel systems to include a central personnel agency and a merit protection agency, but major differences exist in the operations of the latter bodies. The Australian Merit Protection and Review Agency (MPRA) uses a variety of committees to deal with appeals on personnel actions, with promotions being the primary subject of the appeals. Differences between the two countries in the types of appeals and in the appeal processes, themselves, are discussed. In the future, enforcing merit will become more complex as the position-based system yields to a more fluid personnel system.