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This project compares two Separation Barriers and their urban landscape, in two very different cultural contexts: in the cities of Jerusalem and Berlin. The focus is on how different mapmakers cartographically represent both physical divisions - such as walls and barriers, as well as imaginary divides - such as geopolitical or socio-ethnic divisions in divided cities. Jerusalem and Berlin are particularly powerful symbols of political partition as the Berlin Wall split the city of Berlin for over 26 years and Jerusalem remains a divided city to this day. In particular this paper addresses such questions as: how do map-makers across the divides use representational strategies of inclusion or exclusion, mapping and naming to either unify or split divided cities and claim or expunge urban spaces? How do they cartographically represent, visualize or erase geopolitical walls and barriers? Also how has the rise of political tourism affected the visibility of geopolitical walls and barriers in maps and on the ground? By addressing these questions, this paper traces the changing politics of the visibility or relative invisibility of walls and the cityscapes they divide at any given time and place.

Abstract
This article was presented at the workshop on "Borders and Human Rights," College of Law & Business, Ramat Gan, Israel.Notions of human rights as enshrined in international law have become the "idea of our time"; a "dominant moral narrative by which world politics" is organized; and a powerful "discourse of public persuasion."Tony Evans, International Human Rights Law as Power/Knowledge, 27 (3) HUM. RTS. Q. 1046 (2005); Meg McLagan, Human Rights, Testimony, and Transnational Publicity, 2 (1) SCHOLAR & FEMINIST ONLINE 1 (2003), available at http://www.barnard.edu/ps/printmmc.htm; Wendy S. Hesford, Human Rights Rhetoric of Recognition, 41 (3) RHETORIC SOC. Q. 282 (2011). With the rise of human rights discourse, we need to ask, how do protagonists make human rights claims? What sort of resources, techniques, and strategies do they use in order to publicize information about human rights abuses and stipulations set out in international law? With the democratization of mapping practices, various individuals, organizations, and governments are increasingly using maps in order to put forth certain social and political claims. This article draws on the sociology of knowledge, science studies, critical cartography, cultural studies, and anthropological studies of law in order to analyze how various international, Palestinian, and Israeli organizations design maps of the West Bank Barrier in accord with assumptions embedded within international law as part of their political and new media activism. Qualitative sociological methods, such as in-depth interviewing, ethnography, and the collection of cartographic material pertaining to the West Bank Barrier, provide the empirical tools to do so. The maps examined here exemplify how universalistic notions of international law and human rights become a powerful rhetorical tool to make various and often incommensurable social and political claims across different maps. At the same time, international human rights law, rather than dictating local mapping practices, becomes inevitably "vernacularized" and combined with local understandings, cultural preferences, and political concerns.

Blending science and technology studies, sociology, and geography with a host of archival material and gorgeously produced maps, 'The Politics of Maps' explores how the geographical sciences came to be entangled with the politics, territorial claim-making, and nation-state building of Israel/Palestine.

"This book traces how the geographical sciences have become entwined with politics, territorial claim making, and nation-building in Israel/Palestine. In particular, the focus is on the history of geographical sciences before and after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, and how surveying, mapping, and naming the new territory become a crucial part of its making. With the 1993 Oslo Interim Agreement, Palestinians also surveyed and mapped the territory allocated to a future State of Palestine, with the expectation that they will, within five years, gain full sovereignty. In both cases, maps served to evoke a sense of national identity, facilitated a state's ability to govern, and helped delineate territory. Besides maps geopolitical functions for nation-state building, they also become weapons in map wars. Before and after the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab neighbors, maps of the region became one of the many battlefields in which political conflicts over land claims and the ethno-national identity of this contested land were being waged. Aided by an increasingly user-defined mapping environment, Israeli and Palestinian governmental and non-governmental organizations increasingly relied on the rhetoric of maps in order to put forth their geopolitical visions. Such struggles over land and its rightful owners in Israel/Palestine exemplify processes underway in other states across the globe, whether in South Africa or Ukraine, which are engaged in disputes over territorial boundaries, national identities, and the territorial integrity of nation-states. Maps, no less, have become crucial tools in these struggles"--

Within the last 2000 years the land demarcated by the Mediterranean Sea to the west and the Jordan Valley to the east has been one of the most disputed territories in history. World powers have redrawn its boundaries numerous times. Since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 within British Mandate Palestine, Palestinians and Israelis have disagreed over the national identity of the land that they both inhabit. The struggles have extended from the battlefields to the classrooms. In the process, different national and ethnic groups have used various sciences, ranging from archeology to history and geography, to prove territorial claims based on their historical presence in the region. But how have various Israeli social and political groups used maps to solidify claims over the territory? In this paper we bring together science studies and critical cartography in order to investigate cartographic representations as socially embedded practices and address how visual rhetoric intersects with knowledge claims in cartography. Before the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the Israeli government and the Jewish National Fund produced maps of Israel that established a Hebrew topography of the land. After 1967, Israel's expanded territorial control made the demarcation of its borders ever more controversial. Consequently, various Israeli interest groups and political parties increasingly used various cartographic techniques to forge territorial spaces, demarcate disputed boundaries, and inscribe particular national, political, and ethnic identities onto the land.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART 1: Why Borders Should Be Open -- CHAPTER 1 Sanctuary, Solidarity, Status! -- CHAPTER 2 In Defense of Illegal Immigration -- CHAPTER 3 Toward a Politics of Freedom of Movement -- CHAPTER 4 Dispossessing Citizenship -- CHAPTER 5 Prison Abolitionist Perspectives on No Borders -- CHAPTER 6 Habeas Corpus and the New Abolitionism -- PART 2: The Problem with Borders -- CHAPTER 7 Migration as Reparations -- CHAPTER 8 Médecins Sans Frontières and the Practice of Universalist Humanitarianism -- CHAPTER 9 Border Walls and the Illusion of Deterrence -- CHAPTER 10 Open Internal Borders and Closed External Borders in the EU -- CHAPTER 11 Crumbling Walls and Mass Migration in the Twenty- First Century -- PART 3: Activism for Free Movement -- CHAPTER 12 Asylum Reporting as a Site of Anxiety, Detention, and Solidarity -- CHAPTER 13 Radical Migrant Solidarity in Calais -- CHAPTER 14 Violence, Resistance, and Bozas at the Spanish- Moroccan Border -- CHAPTER 15 Comunicados desde Chicagoiguala -- CHAPTER 16 Sanctuary Cities and Sanctuary Power -- CONCLUSION In Defense of Free Movement -- Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z