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Principal characteristics of political corruption are illuminated, & the prevalence of corruption in developing nations is addressed. Ronald Wraith & Edgar Simpkins's (1963) moralizing approach to defining political corruption is critiqued. Analysis of examples of corruption throughout the mid-20th century reveals that certain individuals perceived these behaviors as perfectly legitimate; consequently, the contention that all forms of political corruption are necessarily harmful is questioned. Four criteria for determining whether behaviors constitute political corruption are presented, eg, identifying the corrupt behavior & exploring its short- & long-term effects. Three characteristics of developing states that actually encourage political corruption include an undeveloped national interest, existence of extreme poverty or socioeconomic inequality, & ease in which corruption can be hidden. Also, the effects of public morality on a developing nation's economic growth are considered in the context of developing African states. J. W. Parker

English
Throughout the 1990s developments in the NHS have been largely driven by the efforts of hospital trusts and health authorities to find ways of surviving in the face of constant financial shortfalls. Because NHS regional offices no longer provide them with planning expertise, they rely instead on private sector management consultants. This article describes the NHS market for advice and the predominantly market-orientated attitudes that many management consultants bring to their NHS work, and analyses the problem presented by the fact that their main clients, the trusts, are not responsible for the public interest. A significant function of management consultancies appears to have been to provide legitimation for a largely unacknowledged Treasury-inspired drive to 'downsize' the acute care sector.