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On 28–29 October, Japan will host the G7 Trade Ministers' Meeting in Osaka. The primary focus of the gathering will be improving supply-chain resilience and strengthening export controls on critical minerals and technologies. But China's ...

Last month's G7 summit in Hiroshima and the G20 tourism meeting in Kashmir in February underscored the stark contrast between the two groups' rhetoric. While the G20 emphasised its 'one earth, one family, one future' ...

Local content requirements (LCRs) are one of several economic instruments used by governments to protect infant domestic industries or to generate employment. Indonesia has LCR policies in several sectors. However, LCRs are often inconsistent with a country's World Trade Organization commitments. Additionally, free trade agreements could also have provisions that regulate LCRs. This paper assesses whether Indonesia's free trade agreements have provisions on LCRs, and whether its regulations are consistent with them.

While East Asia has been moving forward with its regional integration agenda, one main challenge remains and is growing – non-tariff measures (NTMs). Animal, vegetable, and food products tend to be more regulated than other products, largely due to quality and safety standards. NTMs affect 66%–98% of total trade in those sectors. Our paper presents the frequency index, coverage ratio, and prevalence score to measure NTMs in the region. They are highest amongst food, vegetable, and animal products; and vary amongst other products, depending on the economy. We find that the high frequency index of NTMs does not necessarily translate to a high value of coverage ratio for trade. One explanation could be that countries tend to regulate imported goods which compete with the domestic products more than imported goods which they need.

To measure Ad valorem tariff equivalents (AVEs) of non-tariff measures (NTMs), we propose a new alternative that relies on the estimation of bilateral trade flows on two-way panels at the HS 2-digit level with importer, exporter, and product fixed effects and interaction terms between NTM variables and a full vector of country-specific characters. Our results show AVEs for technical barriers to trade measures on manufactured products, for ASEAN countries and the whole sample are 4.5% and 5%, respectively. The AVEs for sanitary and phytosanitary measures on agricultural and food products for ASEAN countries and the whole sample are 6.5% and 6.7%, respectively. It should be noted that AVEs can mean very different things depending on whether they play as correction of a market failure. This depends on the technical capabilities of domestic regulatory agencies.

Local content requirement (LCR) is one of several economic instruments used by governments for various purposes, including to protect infant domestic industries or to generate employment. Indonesia uses LCR policies in several sectors. However, LCRs are often found to be inconsistent with a country's WTO commitments. Additionally, free trade agreements could also have provisions that regulate the implementation of LCRs. This paper seeks to assess whether Indonesia's free trade agreements have provisions on LCRs, and, if so, whether its LCR regulations are consistent with those provisions.

We investigate how trade liberalisation affects the performance of Chinese manufacturing firms. To better understand China's role in global value chains, we examine Chinese firms with a significant import share from Indonesia, one of its largest processing source countries. We find that Chinese firms with a greater import share from Indonesia perform better in productivity, export, and sales, and they are more likely to engage in processing exports. Moreover, the impact of foreign trade liberalisation on China's export scope is more pronounced for firms with a larger import share from Indonesia because of their greater extent of engagement in global value chains.

Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are powerful forces that will likely have large impacts on the size, direction, and composition of international trade flows. This book discusses how industrial robots, automation, and AI affect international growth, trade, productivity, employment, wages, and welfare. The book explains new approaches on how robots and artificial intelligence affect the world economy by presenting detailed theoretical framework and country-specific as well as firm-product level-specific exercises. This book will be a useful reference for those researching on robots, automation, AI and their economic impacts on trade, industry, and employment.

This book assesses the impacts of COVID-19 on the Indonesian economy, particularly on employment, education, poverty, trade, and macroeconomy. The chapters explain how fiscal and monetary stimulus work and the roles of local governments in managing stimulus. It also presents paths to recovery and lessons learned from countries that have found success in mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic (China, Germany, Singapore, and Vietnam). This text will be a useful reference for policy makers, scholars, students, and public audience working or interested in the fields of development economics, trade, health economics, economics, and East Asia.

This book assesses the impacts of COVID-19 on the Indonesian economy, particularly on employment, education, poverty, trade, and macro economy. The book explains how fiscal and monetary stimulus work and the roles of local governments in managing stimulus. It also presents ways to recovery and lessons learnt from countries that have found success in mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic (China, Germany, Singapore, and Vietnam). This book will be a useful reference for policy makers, scholars, students, and public audience working or having interest in the fields of development economics, trade, health economics, economics, and East Asia.