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AbstractMother's positive parenting predicts children's development of concern for others; however, it is unclear which distinct positive parenting behaviors contribute to children's concern for others. We examined the bidirectional associations between mothers' warmth and reasoning and children's concern toward an adult in distress at 4 and 6 years. We tested these associations in two independent samples with parallel methods, a U.S. community sample (Study 1, N = 83, 44% female, 73.6% White, median income range = $75,000–$90,000 USD) and a Canadian sample at risk for externalizing problems (Study 2, N = 98, 50% female, 82.7% White, median income range = $70,000–$80,000 CND). Child gender and externalizing problems were examined as moderators of these bidirectional socialization processes. In Study 1, a cross‐lagged model (CLM) found that maternal warmth positively predicted children's concern for others over 2 years, whereas children's concern for others inversely predicted future maternal reasoning. Multigroup comparisons found these lagged effects were unique to boys only. Study 2 partially replicated Study 1, revealing fully bidirectional socialization effects unique to boys. Maternal reasoning positively predicted the development of boys' concern for others over 2 years, and boys' greater concern for others at age 4 elicited greater maternal reasoning over 2 years. Maternal warmth positively predicted concern for others only for children with elevated externalizing problems. These findings support a differentiated approach to positive parenting research, revealing that distinct parenting behaviors may meet individual child needs uniquely.

Conforming to masculine norms can lead to depression and anxiety in men. Athletic identity may affect conformity to masculine norms, specifically in college football players. This study explored the relationships among conformity to masculine norms, athletic identity, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being in 110 male college football players. The main findings convey as football players' conformity to masculine norms increase, their athletic identity increases while their personal growth, life satisfaction and positive relationships decrease. This was specifically true for the areas of conformity to norms related to sexual relationships, winning, and emotional control/expression; as conformity scores to these norms increased, experiences with positive relationships and personal growth decreased. Furthermore, athletes who played football longer and older were less likely to conform to the norms around emotional control, than athletes with less football experience or younger in age. No group differences were found.

BACKGROUND: Despite its long-established importance, diagnostic reasoning (DR) education has suffered uneven implementation in medical education. The Clinical Problem Solvers (CPSolvers) podcast has emerged as a novel strategy to help teach DR through case conferences with expert diagnosticians and trainees. CPSolvers has 25,000 listeners in 147 countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the podcast by eliciting the developers' goals of the podcast, then determining to what extent they aligned with the listeners' actual usage habits, features they valued, and perceptions of the podcast. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 3 developers and 8 listeners from April–May 2020, followed by qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS: 1. To teach diagnostic reasoning in a case-based format by (1a) teaching schemas, (1b) modeling expert diagnostic reasoning, (1c) teaching clinical knowledge, and (1d) teaching diagnostic reasoning terminology. 2. To change the culture of medicine by (2a) promoting diversity, (2b) modeling humility and promoting psychological safety, and (2c) creating a fun, casual way to learn. 3. To democratize the teaching of diagnostic reasoning by leveraging technology. Listeners' usage habits, valued features, and perceptions overall strongly aligned with all these aspects, except for (1c) clinical knowledge, and (1d) diagnostic reasoning terminology. Listeners identified (1a) schemas, and (2c) promotion of psychological safety as the most valuable features of the podcast. CONCLUSION: CPSolvers has been perceived as a highly effective and novel way to disseminate DR education in the form of case conferences, serving as an alternative to traditional in-person case conferences suspended during COVID-19. CPSolvers combines many known benefits of in-person case conferences with a compassionate and entertaining teaching style, plus advantages of the podcasting medium — democratizing morning report for listeners around the world. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains ...