Background Flavonoids are a group of phenolic secondary plant metabolites that are ubiquitous in plant-based diets. Data from anthropological, observational and intervention studies have shown that many flavonoids are bioactive. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in investigating the potential health effects of these compounds. The translation of these findings into the context of the health of the general public requires detailed information on habitual dietary intake. However, only limited data are currently available for European populations. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the habitual intake and main sources of anthocyanidins, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins and thearubigins in the European Union. Design We use food consumption data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the FLAVIOLA Food Composition Database to estimate intake of flavonoids. Results Mean (±SEM) intake of total flavonoids in Europe was 428±49 mg/d, of which 136±14 mg/d were monomeric compounds. Gallated flavan-3-ols (53±12 mg/d) were the main contributor. The lowest flavonoid intake was observed in Mediterranean countries (monomeric compounds: 95±11 mg/d). The distribution of intake was skewed in many countries, especially in Germany (monomeric flavonoids; mean intake: 181 mg/d; median intake: 3 mg/d). Conclusions The habitual intake of flavonoids in Europe is below the amounts found to have a significant health effect.
In: Williams , K M , Bertelsen , G , Cumberland , P , Wolfram , C , Verhoeven , V J M , Anastasopoulos , E , Buitendijk , G H S , Cougnard-Grégoire , A , Creuzot-Garcher , C , Erke , M G , Hogg , R , Höhn , R , Hysi , P , Khawaja , A P , Korobelnik , J-F , Ried , J , Vingerling , J R , Bron , A , Dartigues , J-F , Fletcher , A , Hofman , A , Kuijpers , R W A M , Luben , R N , Oxele , K , Topouzis , F , von Hanno , T , Mirshahi , A , Foster , P J , van Duijn , C M , Pfeiffer , N , Delcourt , C , Klaver , C C W , Rahi , J , Hammond , C J & European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium 2015 , ' Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education ' , Ophthalmology , vol. 122 , no. 7 , pp. 1489-1497 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018
PURPOSE: To investigate whether myopia is becoming more common across Europe and explore whether increasing education levels, an important environmental risk factor for myopia, might explain any temporal trend. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of population-based, cross-sectional studies from the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium. PARTICIPANTS: The E(3) Consortium is a collaborative network of epidemiological studies of common eye diseases in adults across Europe. Refractive data were available for 61 946 participants from 15 population-based studies performed between 1990 and 2013; participants had a range of median ages from 44 to 78 years. METHODS: Noncycloplegic refraction, year of birth, and highest educational level achieved were obtained for all participants. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent ≤-0.75 diopters. A random-effects meta-analysis of age-specific myopia prevalence was performed, with sequential analyses stratified by year of birth and highest level of educational attainment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variation in age-specific myopia prevalence for differing years of birth and educational level. RESULTS: There was a significant cohort effect for increasing myopia prevalence across more recent birth decades; age-standardized myopia prevalence increased from 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.6-18.1) to 23.5% (95% CI, 23.2-23.7) in those born between 1910 and 1939 compared with 1940 and 1979 (P = 0.03). Education was significantly associated with myopia; for those completing primary, secondary, and higher education, the age-standardized prevalences were 25.4% (CI, 25.0-25.8), 29.1% (CI, 28.8-29.5), and 36.6% (CI, 36.1-37.2), respectively. Although more recent birth cohorts were more educated, this did not fully explain the cohort effect. Compared with the reference risk of participants born in the 1920s with only primary education, higher education or being born in the 1960s doubled the myopia prevalence ratio-2.43 (CI, 1.26-4.17) and 2.62 (CI, 1.31-5.00), respectively-whereas individuals born in the 1960s and completing higher education had approximately 4 times the reference risk: a prevalence ratio of 3.76 (CI, 2.21-6.57). CONCLUSIONS: Myopia is becoming more common in Europe; although education levels have increased and are associated with myopia, higher education seems to be an additive rather than explanatory factor. Increasing levels of myopia carry significant clinical and economic implications, with more people at risk of the sight-threatening complications associated with high myopia.
Lean body mass, consisting mostly of skeletal muscle, is important for healthy aging. We performed a genome-wide association study for whole body (20 cohorts of European ancestry with n = 38,292) and appendicular (arms and legs) lean body mass (n = 28,330) measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis, adjusted for sex, age, height, and fat mass. Twenty-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with lean body mass either genome wide (p < 5 x 10(-8)) or suggestively genome wide (p < 2.3 x 10(-6)). Replication in 63,475 (47,227 of European ancestry) individuals from 33 cohorts for whole body lean body mass and in 45,090 (42,360 of European ancestry) subjects from 25 cohorts for appendicular lean body mass was successful for five single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/ near HSD17B11, VCAN, ADAMTSL3, IRS1, and FTO for total lean body mass and for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/ near VCAN, ADAMTSL3, and IRS1 for appendicular lean body mass. Our findings provide new insight into the genetics of lean body mass. ; NIH [N01 AG 12100, U01 HL72515, U01 GM074518, R01 HL088119, R01 AR046838, U01 HL084756, N01-AG-12100, U24AG051129]; NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament); Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center of Maryland [P30 DK072488]; NIH/NIAMS [F32AR059469]; American Heart Association [10SDG2690004]; NHLBI [N01-HC-85079, N01-HC-85080, N01-HC-85081, N01-HC-85082, N01-HC-85083, N01-HC-85084, N01-HC-85085, N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-45133, N01-HC-85239, HL080295, HL087652, HL105756, HL103612, HL120393, HL130114]; NINDS; NIA [AG-023629, AG-15928, AG-20098, AG-027058, 1R01AG032098-01A1]; National Center for Research Resources [UL1RR033176]; CTSI [UL1TR000124]; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease grant [DK063491]; Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center; GlaxoSmithKline; Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Swiss National Science Foundation [33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401]; deCODE Genetics, ehf; Cancer Research United Kingdom; Medical Research Council; EU [LSHM-CT-2003-503041]; Wellcome Trust [WT098051, WT089062, WT098017]; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Erasmus MC; Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB); European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), ENGAGE Consortium [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413]; Wellcome Trust; Support for Science Funding programme; CamStrad; Danish Council for Independent Research [DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B]; US National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; National Institute on Aging [U24AG051129, R01 AR 41398, R01AR057118]; FP7-PEOPLE-Marie Curie Career Integration Grants (CIG); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study [N01-HC-25195]; Affymetrix, Inc. [N02-HL-6-4278]; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center; Genome Quebec; Genome Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Swedish Research Council; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; Lundberg Foundation; Emil and Vera Cornell Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Soderberg's Foundation; Petrus and Augusta Hedlunds Foundation; Vastra Gotaland Foundation; Goteborg Medical Society; German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology [01 AK 803 A-H, 01 IG 07015G]; National Institutes of Aging; National Institutes of Health [HHSN268200782096C, R01 AG 041517, M01 RR-00750]; Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. Kora; Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); State of Bavaria; German National Genome Research Network [NGFN-2, NGFNPlus: 01GS0823]; Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ; British Heart Foundation; Kidney Research UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) programme grant; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) [050-060-810]; Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus University, Rotterdam; Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw); Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports; European Commission (DG XII); Municipality of Rotterdam; National Institute on Aging grants [R01AG17917, R01AG15819, R01AG24480]; Illinois Department of Public Health; Rush Clinical Translational Science Consortium; Arthritis Research UK; Chronic Disease Research Foundation; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award; Israel Science Foundation [994/10]; NIA Intramural Research Program; Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [16SV5536K, 16SV5537, 16SV5538, 16SV5837, 01UW0808]; Max Planck Institute for Human Development (MPIB); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG); Charite University Medicine; German Institute for Economic Research (DIW); University of Lubeck in Lubeck, Germany; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) the Hague [6130.0031]; NZO (Dutch Dairy Association), Zoetermeer; Orthica, Almere; NCHA (Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing) Leiden/Rotterdam; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, the Hague [KB-15-004-003]; Wageningen University, Wageningen; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Healthway Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia; Australasian Menopause Society; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council [254627, 303169, 572604]; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Career Development Fellowship; Karen Elise Jensen foundation; NIH from NHLBI [R01-HL-117078, R01-HL-087700, R01-HL-088215]; NIH from NIDDK [R01-DK-089256, R01-DK-075681]; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics [213506, 129680]; Academy of Finland [251217, 136895, 141005, 139635, 129494, 269517]; Finnish foundation for Cardiovascular Research; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Research Society; Samfundet Folkhalsann; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Liv och Halsa; Finska Lakaresallskapet; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; University of Helsinki; European Science Foundation (EUROSTRESS); Ministry of Education; Ahokas Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Juho Vainio Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Association of Schools of Public Health [S043, S1734, S3486]; NIAMS Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center grant [5-P60-AR30701]; NIAMS Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center grant [5 P60 AR49465-03]; Research Program - Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2001-347-6111-221, 2002-347-6111-221, 2009-E71007-00, 2010-E71004-00]; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health; British Heart Foundation Grant [SP/04/002]; Academy of Finland; Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; Finnish Cardiovascular Research Foundation; Strategic Research Funding from the University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; EVO grant from the Kuopio University Hospital [5263]; Swedish Research Council [2006-3832, K2009-53X-14691-07-3, K2010-77PK-21362-01-2, 2008-2202, 2005-8214]; Greta and Johan Kock Foundation; A. Pahlsson Foundation; A. Osterlund Foundation; Malmo University Hospital Research Foundation; Research and Development Council of Region Skane, Sweden; Swedish Medical Society; National Institutes of Health; National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); NIH Roadmap for Medical Research [U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, UL1 TR000128]; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) [RC2ARO58973]; FAS [2007-2125]; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government [CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710]; Royal Society; MRC Human Genetics Unit; Arthritis Research UK [17539]; European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project [LSHG-CT-2006-018947]; ALF/LUA research grants from Uppsala university hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; European Union Grant [QLG1-CT-2001-01252]; AstraZeneca; SHIP, part of the Community Medicine Research Network of the University of Greifswald, Germany; Federal Ministry of Education and Research [01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403]; Ministry of Cultural Affairs; Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; network "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)" - Federal Ministry of Education and Research [03IS2061A]; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany; National Institute on Aging (NIA) [R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, R01 AG027576]; Wallenberg foundation; Medical Research Council (UK); Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports [108-1080315-0302]; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services [N01WH22110, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, 44221]; US National Institutes of Health grants [1-ZIA-HG000024, U01DK062370, R00DK099240]; American Diabetes Association Pathway to Stop Diabetes Grant [1-14-INI-07]; Academy of Finland Grants [271961, 272741, 258753]; Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, USA; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health [HL57453]; [HHSN268201200036C] ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.