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This article applies Guillermo O'Donnell's bureaucratic-authoritarian model to analyze the interruption of Chile's democracy in 1973, and the gradual return to civilian rule since 1989. It argues that the formation of Augusto Pinochet's military regime was an outcome of the import substitution industrialization strategy, activation of the popular sector, and rising threat to the capitalist order. (DSE/DÜI)

Asi resulta superfluo decir aquí quién fue Ricardo Palma. Nació en Lima, el 7 de febrero de 1833, y pronto empezó a brillar entre la juventud literaria de 1848, imbuida en las novedades románticas.Su nombre queda vinculado a la historia del Perú por sus célebres "Tradiciones peruanas", género nuevo creado por él, imagen fiel y animada de lo que fue la colonia española en el Perú, desde los albores de la conquista hasta la revolución libertadora Alumno aventajado de la célebre Universidad de San Marcos, graduado en ella de doctor en leyes a los 20 años, se había de dedicar después casi exclusivamente a las letras. Tras una corta actuación en la Armada y de su destierro a Chile, viaja por Norteamérica y Europa, hasta que vuelve a radicarse definitivamente en Lima.Desempeña el cargo de senador y secretario del presidente Balta, hasta que, a raíz del fusilamiento de éste, derrocado por un golpe militar, abandona para siempre la política, para dedicarse toda su vida a la literatura, mientras con todo entusiasmo trabaja como director de la Biblioteca Nacional, que debe a Palma toda su importancia actual. Sabido es que, fundada por el general San Martín, había sido saqueada por el ejército chileno en la ocupación de Lima, para ser luego restaurada por Palma. Engrandecida año tras año, gracias a su dedicación consagración total, se vio pronto enriquecida con un gran caudal de libros y documentos. Un decreto del gobierno vino a nublar la felicidad del casi octogenario bibliotecario, obligándole a dejar el puesto a D. Manuel González Prada, después de haber consumido su vida como un patriarca de las letras y de la historia entre los montones de libros que él había logrado levantar. Consolado a medias por los homenajes que se le hicieron y por los trabajos literarios que le absorbieron sus últimos años, fallecía en su residencia de Miraflores en 1919, a los 86 años de edad.Miembro correspondiente de las Reales Academias Españolas de la Lengua y de la Historia, estuvo en España dos veces.

Background: In China, there was a pressing need to establish a governmental agency to oversee the organizations that provide public health and medical services. The Chinese Health Inspection Authority (HIA), a relatively independent organization functioning at each administrative level (provincial, municipal, and county), was mandated to conduct 11 health inspection functions to maintain efficient public health and medical services. These functions include issuing health permit, conducting health supervision and inspection, health testing and evaluation, case investigation, complaint handling, managing public health crisis, monitoring and safeguarding public health at major public events, enforcing supervision and inspection compliance, public health education, information management, and team training and management. Since the reform of the health inspection system by the Ministry of Health in 2000, the HIA underwent a series of changes and transitions. This study aimed to describe and assess the five factors that were considered to be important for meeting service delivery objectives of the HIA in the People's Republic of China. Methods: A total of 604 HIAs, sampled across three geographical regions of China at three administrative levels, participated in a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2013. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the status of mandated operations, manpower, revenue and expenditures, and institutional infrastructure. Differences in these characteristics across the geographical regions and administrative levels were compared.Results: On average, the HIAs had not fully implemented the 11 mandated functions at any administrative levels. Governmental financial allocations were the main sources of revenue. Three primary personnel employment models coexisted and most employed the quasi-civil service employment model. The institutional infrastructure did not meet governmental mandated standards with respect to building area or the number and types of equipment available to conduct key functions. Conclusions: In 2012, the majority of the HIAs in China at the provincial, municipal, and county levels did not meet the mandated requirements, although positive indications toward meeting these requirements were observed. It is necessary for the government to pay more attention to institutional resources (buildings, equipment, and the level of the staff's educational attainment) and ensure that the HIAs can meet their service delivery objectives.

12 páginas, 5 figuras, 2 tablas. ; It is well known that microbial-mediated soil respiration, the major source of CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems, is sensitive to temperature. Here, we hypothesize that some mechanisms, such as acclimation of microbial respiration to temperature and/or regulation by plant fresh C inputs of the temperature sensitivity of decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), should be taken into account to predict soil respiration correctly. Specifically, two hypotheses were tested: (1) under warm conditions, temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) and basal rates of microbial-mediated soil respiration (Bs20, respiration at a given temperature) would be primarily subjected to presence/absence of plant fresh C inputs; and (2) under cold conditions, where labile C depletion occurred more slowly, microbial-mediated soil respiration could adjust its optimal temperatures to colder temperatures (acclimation), resulting in a net increase of respiration rates for a given temperature (Bs20). For this purpose, intact soil cores from an oak savanna ecosystem were incubated with sufficient water supply at two contrasting temperatures (10 and 30 C) during 140 days. To study temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, short-term temperature cycles (from 5 to 40 C at 8 h steps) were applied periodically to the soils. Our results confirmed both hypotheses. Under warm conditions ANCOVA and likelihood ratio tests confirmed that both Q10 and Bs20 decreased signifi- cantly during the incubation. Further addition of glucose at the end of the incubation period increased Bs20 and Q10 to initial values. The observed decrease in temperature sensitivity (Q10) in absence of labile C disagrees with the broadly accepted fact that temperature sensitivity of the process increases as quality of the substrate decreases. Our experiment also shows that after 2 months of incubation cold-incubated soils doubled the rates of respiration at cold temperatures causing a strong increase in basal respiration rates (Bs20). This suggest that microbial community may have up-regulated their metabolism at cold conditions (cold-acclimation), which also disagrees with most observations to date. The manuscript discusses those two apparent contradictions: the decrease in temperature sensitivity in absence of labile C and the increase in microbial-mediated soil respiration rates at cold temperatures. While this is only a case study, the trends observed could open the controversy over the validity of current soil respiration models. ; This research was supported by the Kearney Soil Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy's Terrestrial Carbon Program, grant No. DE-FG03-00ER63013. These sites are members of the AmeriFlux and Fluxnet networks. J Curiel Yuste received a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (EIF) from de European Union for project MICROCARB (FP6- 2005-Mobility-5 # 041409-MICROCARB) while conducting this research. ; Peer reviewed

Unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) is a highly efficient biocatalyst with a peroxide dependent monooxygenase activity and many biotechnological applications, but the absence of suitable heterologous expression systems has precluded its use in different industrial settings. Recently, the UPO from Agrocybe aegerita was evolved for secretion and activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [8]. In the current work, we describe a tandem-yeast expression system for UPO engineering and large scale production. By harnessing the directed evolution process in S. cerevisiae, the beneficial mutations for secretion enabled Pichia pastoris to express the evolved UPO under the control of the methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoter. Whilst secretion levels were found similar for both yeasts in flask fermentation (~8. mg/L), the recombinant UPO from P. pastoris showed a 27-fold enhanced production in fed-batch fermentation (217. mg/L). The P. pastoris UPO variant maintained similar biochemical properties of the S. cerevisiae counterpart in terms of catalytic constants, pH activity profiles and thermostability. Thus, this tandem-yeast expression system ensures the engineering of UPOs to use them in future industrial applications as well as large scale production. ; EU (FP7-KBBE-2013-7-613549-INDOX, FP7-People-2013-ITN-607793, COST-Action CM1303 Systems Biocatalysis) and the Spanish Government (BIO2010-19697-EVOFACEL, BIO2013-43407-R-DEWRY and CAMBIOS-RTC-2014-1777-3 projects). ; Peer Reviewed