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Over the last ten years, equal opportunities policy has tended to actively further men's use of parental leave to favour gender equality. This article draws from the European 2005 Working Conditions Survey, and more specifically the subsample of fathers with children under the age of three to analyse whether paternity leave is related to their greater involvement in childcare and housework. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis, controlling for working conditions, family circumstances, level of schooling, women's empowerment in society and duration of leave, revealed a direct relationship between paternity leave taking in the year prior to the survey and their involvement in daily childcare and housework. Such use of parental leave appears, then, to be an effective mechanism for promoting greater gender equality in the domestic domain.

During the last decade, policy developments in the field ofparental leave have tended to promote actively men´s use ofthis kind of leave as a way for promoting a greater genderequality. Using the European working conditions survey2005, in particular the subsample of fathers with childrenless than 8 years old, this article analyses the researchquestion if men´s use of parental leave is related with agreater involvement in childcare and housework. Based on abinomial logistic regression, controlling for different aspectsof work conditions, family situation and educational level,results show a positive relationship between men´s use ofparental leave in the year previous to the survey and dailychildcare and housework involvement. Men´s use of parentalleave seems then to be an effective mechanism of men´ssocialization in care activities. ; En la última década los poderes públicos han fomentado el uso de los permisos parentales por parte de los hombres como un nuevo mecanismo para fomentar la igualdad de género y la no discriminación por razón de maternidad. En este trabajo se analiza a partir de la encuesta europea de condiciones de trabajo de 2005, recurriendo a la submuestra correspondiente a padres de hijos menores de 8 años, si efectivamente el uso de los permisos parentales por los hombres se traduce en una mayor implicación en el cuidado de sus hijos y en el trabajo doméstico. A partir de un análisis de regresión logística en el que se controla por distintas características del trabajo, la situación familiar y el nivel educativo, los resultados confirman que los hombres que han hecho uso del permiso parental en el año previo a la encuesta están más frecuentemente implicados en el cuidado diario de los niños y en la realización del trabajo doméstico que quienes no han hecho uso de esta posibilidad. El uso por los hombres del permiso parental se evidencia así como un mecanismo que promueve su socialización en las tareas de cuidado no remunerado. ; Na última década, as autoridades públicas têm promovido a utilização da licença parental pelos homens como um novo mecanismo para promover a igualdade de género e a não discriminação em razão da maternidade. Este trabalho é analisado com base no Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho de 2005, recorrendo à subamostra relativa aos pais de crianças com menos de 8 anos, se a utilização das licenças parentais pelos homens se traduz efectivamente numa maior participação no cuidado dos seus filhos e no trabalho doméstico. A partir de uma análise de regressão logística em que se controla por diferentes características do trabalho, a situação familiar e o nível educativo, os resultados confirmam que os homens que utilizaram a licença parental no ano anterior ao inquérito estão mais frequentemente envolvidos no cuidado diário das crianças e na realização do trabalho doméstico do que aqueles que não fizeram uso desta possibilidade. O uso pelos homens da licença parental se evidencia assim como um mecanismo que promove sua socialização nas tarefas de cuidado não remunerado.

"In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit hohe berufsbedingte räumliche Mobilität negative Folgen auf die Familienentwicklung hat. Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes wird getrennt nach Geschlecht analysiert, ob Mobilität Kinderlosigkeit fördert, eine Verschiebung des Geburtenkalenders verursacht und ob sie eine Reduktion der Familiengröße zur Folge hat. Darüber hinaus wird in dem zweiten Teil analysiert, welchen Einfluss bestimmte Arbeitsbedingungen sowie die Ressourcen, die Familien zur Verfügung stehen, um Familie und Beruf zu vereinbaren, auf die Entscheidungen bezüglich Elternschaft ausüben. Die Analyse stützt sich auf eine repräsentative Umfrage in sechs europäischen Ländern (Deutschland, Frankreich, Spanien, Polen, Schweiz und Belgien) mit Personen im Alter zwischen 25 und 54 Jahren. Die Daten wurden in 2007 erhoben. Mobile Erwerbstätige wurden überproportional erhoben, um eine ausreichende Fallzahl zu gewährleisten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Auswirkung der Mobilität auf die Familienentwicklung von Bedeutung ist, wobei sich Mobilität von Frauen stärker auswirkt. Darüber hinaus ist von Bedeutung, wann im Lebenslauf Mobilität und Elternschaft stattfinden und wie lange die Phase der mobilen Arbeit andauert. Flexible Arbeitszeiten oder die Möglichkeit, einen Teil der Arbeit zu Hause zu leisten, haben keinen eindeutigen Einfluss auf die Entscheidungen zur Elternschaft von mobilen Erwerbstätigen, wohl aber die Unterstützung durch den Arbeitgeber. Unterstützung seitens des Partners scheint die Entscheidung mobiler Frauen für Kinder nicht zu fördern." (Autorenreferat)

The purpose of the edited collection Families in Economically Hard Times: Experiences and Coping Strategies in Europe is to provide readers with unique sociological knowledge on European families' experiences and behavioural strategies a decade after economic crisis of the 21st century. The particular importance of the topic is conditioned by the reality the last economic crisis created. This new reality has diverted from the previous; and as new phenomena emerge new coping strategies must also be created, as the old may not necessarily work. Hardships, functional solidarity, and issues of vital human needs - including practices of co-residence, sharing of money, food acquisition - have been explored in Families in Economically Hard Times: Experiences and Coping Strategies in Europe. Prominent scholars from Europe have joined efforts and, based on their latest researches, seek to answer the question: how challenges emerged during recent economically hard times influenced way of life of European families? The scholars of this book have used quantitative and qualitative research methodologies to create a varied and all rounded approach to answering this very question.

<p>Una de las consecuencias de la globalización es el aumento de la movilidad por motivos de trabajo. Esta movilidad tiene efectos positivos y negativos sobre el bienestar de las personas. Basándonos en las dos oleadas (2007 y 2011) de la encuesta Job Mobilities and Family Life, se analizará el impacto que tienen las transiciones en la movilidad sobre el bienestar subjetivo, controlando la influencia de otras transiciones vitales relevantes (pareja, parentalidad, salud e ingresos) así como el sexo. El análisis se basa en la técnica de la regresión lineal ordinaria. Los resultados evidencian generalizados cambios en los niveles de estrés y satisfacción. Estos cambios no son todos aleatorios, sino que guardan relación con las transiciones en la movilidad y demás variables consideradas. Mientras que los cambios en la satisfacción con el trabajo están condicionados por las transiciones en la movilidad en la dirección esperada, los efectos sobre la satisfacción con la vida en general dependen más de los efectos sobre la satisfacción con el trabajo en función de las ventajas e inconvenientes de la movilidad. En el caso de los niveles de estrés, no se observa una relación clara con la movilidad, una vez controlados otros cambios relevantes.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 04.02.2017<strong><br /></strong><strong>Aceptado</strong>: 06.03.2017</p>

PurposeSpain is typically considered a familialistic country where the family is the main responsible for individuals' well-being. Recent demographic, socioeconomic and policy changes raise the question to what extent familialism is regarded as the preferred care arrangement in society or whether more state support is considered legitimate. The purpose of this paper is to analyse individual preferences among Spanish residents regarding care responsibility for pre-school children and the frail elderly, and the factors that influence such preferences.Design/methodology/approachRepresentative data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme are used (n=1419). Six patterns of care responsibility that capture preferences regarding who, between the family or the state, should provide and pay for the care of pre-school children and the frail elderly are identified. Logistic regressions are performed on each care responsibility pattern to analyse the factors influencing individuals' preferences.FindingsMultiple preferences coexist and state responsibility is often preferred over family responsibility, especially for elderly-care. It suggests that the tendency to rely on the family in Spain is due to insufficient support rather than to familialistic values. Individuals who usually bear most care work responsibilities, such as women and individuals in caring ages, or those with a poor health, high care load or low income consider there should be extra-family support. Individuals' values also matter: the least religious, the most supportive of maternal employment and left-wing voters are most likely to reject traditional care arrangements.Originality/valueThis is the first study to analyse both elderly- and childcare policy preferences in one single study. It shows that childcare is more often seen as a family responsibility than elderly care.

Las escuelas infantiles, las excedencias y las reducciones de jornada para el cuidado de niños son recursos fundamentales para la conciliación de las familias españolas. Este trabajo persigue conocer cómo condiciona el uso de los permisos parentales no remunerados la utilización de las escuelas infantiles durante los primeros tres años de vida de los hijos/as. Para ello, se utiliza la Encuesta sobre el uso de permisos parentales en España, 2012 y, a través de tres modelos de regresión logística multivariante, se analizan los factores que se relacionan con la asistencia a la escuela infantil. De acuerdo con los resultados, las reducciones de

Formal child care services (FCCS) have been consolidated in contemporary societies as a fundamental policy for the promotion of reconciliation of work and family life, gender equality and equal opportunities. The objective of this article is to analyse the factors that condition the extent and intensity of use of FCCS by families residing in Spain with children aged 0 to 3 years. Based on European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2016, we estimate a zero-inflated Poisson regression model. Unlike fathers, employed mothers are more likely to use FCCS than unemployed mothers, and these are likely to use FCCS than homemakers. Household income has a positive impact on likelihood and intensity of such use, but no significant relationship was found with parents educational level. Non-EU immigrant parents are less likely to use FCCS, but if they do, they use it for more hours, as are parents with primary education. Finally, having siblings under the age of seven has a positive effect on FCCS use. Implications of these results for public policy are discussed.

Objective: In this first study of its kind in Spain, we analyse the scope of and reasons underlying paternal regret. Background: Research on parental regret, a subject only recently broached by analysts, tends to focus on motherhood. Regretting fatherhood has been only scantly researched. In this study we test the effects of intensive fathering, the use of different care resources, economic and employment conditions, and satisfaction with respondents' partnership on their regret for having children. Method: The analysis is based on an online survey of parents of children under 7 years old (QUIDAN Survey) A total of 3100 parents were interviewed, with the sample evenly distributed by sex and youngest child's age, and proportional by parents' highest level of schooling and place of residence. The weighted subsample used in this article included 1374 fathers. The hypotheses are tested with logistic regression. Results: The social factors associated with a greater likelihood of regret include circumstances that challenge men's role as primary breadwinner, a negative impact of fatherhood on job career, a high dependence on grandparents for balancing working and private lives and partnership dissatisfaction. A relationship between intensive fathering and regret could not be observed. Conclusion: The findings show the extent of paternal regret to be fairly limited, similar to the proportion reported for maternal regret. Paternal regret is mainly associated with family and working circumstances.

Objective: The question addressed in this study is the possible effect of mothers' use of parental leave on the share of childcare and housework assumed by each parent. Background: Whilst the length of parental leave is greater in Spain than in other European countries, as it is unpaid, take-up rates are low. Such leaves are taken more frequently and for longer periods by women than men. Method: To determine the answer, two multivariate regression models were applied to National Statistics Institute 2018 Fertility Survey data. The main independent variables were fathers' and mothers' use of parental leave. The models also controlled for the effects of family and socio-economic variables on the share of childcare and housework assumed by each parent. Results: The findings showed that mothers' use of unpaid full-time parental leave traditionalises the distribution of domestic chores only when the leave extends beyond one year, whereas part-time leave-taking has no effect whatsoever. That such reversion to tradition can be neutralised when fathers take leaves attests to the advisability of encouraging paternal use. The effects apply to childcare only, however, for other household chores are still distributed along very traditional lines. Conclusion: Unpaid parental leave use by mothers "traditionalizes" the allocation of childcare within the couple, but only when it takes longer than a year.