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The iron and steel industry, like the entire economy, was undergoing transformation processes in the 1990s. An inspiration for these changes was signing by Poland of the Association Agreement with the European Union in December 1991. This document sets directions for functioning of the ironworks in Poland. It resulted in the development of the ironworks restructuring processes in the years 1992, 1998, 2001–2003, aimed at the improvement of their economic efficiency. It meant seeking economic efficiency of metallurgical enterprises, also known as fundamental changes in their organisational structures. A number of literature sources, both Polish and English recognise the issue of reforms by means of restructuring employment, finances, and resources. In the 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century, the influence of the organisational structure on the efficiency of iron and steelworks was studied more and more frequently. Their theoretical justification is found in, i.a. the works of M. Weber, H. Fayol, Zb. Zakrzewski, A. Krupski, A. Stabryła, A. Nalepka, A. Kozina and others. Scientific suggestions in publications have given rise to the discourse that organisational structures should be dealt within a social and technical aspects, as processes, sets, and events. They are one of the most important tools for the management, a factor binding the enterprise with the environment. Today the predominant view is that the organisational structure is influenced by many factors and in principle to a different extent. It means that the determinants and principles of shaping enterprise organisational structures should be considered in two aspects: theoretical and utilitarian. The achievements of organisational and management theories have been utilised, as this doctrine orders certain practical experiences, formulates hypotheses and theorems according to logical rules of inference, applying in this field achievements of other areas of science in such matters e.g.: economics, law, sociology, psychology. The other dimension refers to economic practice of operating enterprises and changing environment. In both cases the enterprise is considered as organisation that is the dominant form of collective life, covering almost all aspects of human activity. This is emphasised by K. Mreła, J. Jaszek, K. Krzakiewicz, S. Cyfert, A.K. Koźmiński, E. Michalski, S. Flaszewska, M. Potoczek, S. Podczarski, H. Dźwigol, J. Brzóska, J. Pyka, A. Hamrol, R. Miśkiewicz. Due to the modular character of the structure, with weak coherency which constitute a significant majority, the interaction of individual factors does not cause identical changes in shaping all dimensions of the structure. If the organisational structures were coherent, the interaction with one of their modules would lead to modification of all the other modules and thus achieving the assumed goals. In fact, structures are poorly coherent and the associated modularity of the structure and loose connections between modules, autodynamism, and interactive effects define a set of internal conditions through which the context interacts with the causal structure and determinants. Contextual conditioning, usually referred to as an environment, is divided into internal and external. The first relates to: technology, employees' knowledge, organisation life cycle stages, organisation size. The latter expresses legal, economic, cultural and social environment, also considering globalisation processes in the modern economy and its development paradigm, where knowledge is an important link. The subject of research, adopted aims and hypotheses have determined the choice of both research methods related to processing of materials and systematisation of results and analytical methods in relation to the studied literature. In addition, the index of general efficiency of restructuring, indicator analysis, induction method and graphical method were used. A monograph was given both theoretical and utilitarian value, which was reflected in its structure.

There is a consensus that farmers are subject to farm price-cost squeeze (PCS) when commodity prices fall and costs of production rise long-term. Willard Cochrane was the first to examine this phenomenon, introducing the notion that farmers are on a market treadmill. PCS is still a principle economic problem in agriculture touching farms in all over the world. It results from flexible prices but also from monopsony structures where recipients of commodities seize the opportunity of suboptimal pricing. Many studies indicate increasing retail farm price spreads but this lacks empirical studies on the effects of different types of subsidies on PCS. This work attempted to model EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) impact on PCS using the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function, specified as in most CGE models. However, the authors tested the assumption of flexible prices reacting to changes in productivity. This approach is novel, while supported with an input-output analysis used to precisely decompose price and volume (productivity) effects at the level of a FADN representative farm. The results help to shape CAP shedding light on the present treadmill mechanism and showing that provision of public goods may be a remedy for market imperfections, whereas decoupled payments have the opposite influence.

There is a consensus that farmers are subject to farm price-cost squeeze (PCS) when commodity prices fall and costs of production rise long-term. Willard Cochrane was the first to examine this phenomenon, introducing the notion that farmers are on a market treadmill. PCS is still a principle economic problem in agriculture touching farms in all over the world. It results from flexible prices but also from monopsony structures where recipients of commodities seize the opportunity of suboptimal pricing. Many studies indicate increasing retail farm price spreads but this lacks empirical studies on the effects of different types of subsidies on PCS. This work attempted to model EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) impact on PCS using the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function, specified as in most CGE models. However, the authors tested the assumption of flexible prices reacting to changes in productivity. This approach is novel, while supported with an input-output analysis used to precisely decompose price and volume (productivity) effects at the level of a FADN representative farm. The results help to shape CAP shedding light on the present treadmill mechanism and showing that provision of public goods may be a remedy for market imperfections, whereas decoupled payments have the opposite influence.

Abstract

Objective
The presented work is part of the discussions on evaluating the organizational surroundings, which, in the context of an increasingly globalizing world, is becoming regarded from a global perspective. Considerations of the environmental perception are supported with reflections on innovation and, in particular, startups' innovation. Businesses, which are characterized by the ambition of dynamic scalability, are able to accomplish this dynamism precisely through innovative intensity, which in turn can also be associated with openness to knowledge and solutions coming from the surroundings, not only the closest – local or regional but also international or even global. Striving to develop toward smart enterprises, startups should concentrate on the digitalization of their processes, entering the path of Industry 4.0. The purpose of the work is to contribute to the perception of the environment by startups and the perception of open innovation.


Methodology
In order to meet the objectives of the work, in addition to considerations based on the existing results available in the literature, the results of an analysis of data from a questionnaire survey conducted among future startups were also used. To achieve the objectives of the study, research questions were formulated referring to the general view of future innovation openness, then the view of the propensity to share knowledge, that is, openness from the enterprise side, and finally also the view of the need for openness of the organization at different stages of its development. In the context of organizational openness, the broadest geographically possible context of the organization's environment, namely the global context, was also considered.


Findings
As a result of the analysis, a relationship emerged between perceptions of innovative openness and the global environment of companies. The greater geographical scope of operations is accompanied by a higher demand for innovation, the more globally the enterprises would like to operate, the more innovation intensive they should be. Future entrepreneurs are strong advocates of open innovation, and they are also strong advocates of viewing the environment in an increasingly global dimension.