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The study explains the nature and strength of the influence of the determinants of fear of crime. According to other studies gender, age, education, place of residence, material status, worldview and religious orientation, victimization influence the level of fear of crime. In order to verify the impact of these factors, the CATREG analysis technique was used. Variables such as the level of anomie, crime, unemployment and suicide rates were introduced, as an original author's concept. A model of factors influencing fear of crime was created. The most important element of it turned out to be prior victimization, as well as – to a lesser extent – negative attitudes towards state institutions that are to ensure safety and the occupation.

The article is devoted to the analysis of factors that prevent or limit the development of broadly understood science. The following types of limitations have been distinguished: psychosocial, biological, political, resource barriers and the final nature of science. Biological barriers lie in human sensory endowment. Psychosocial barriers are determined by the conditions of the functioning of human societies. Resource barriers are constraints on economic and energy reserves. The problem of the scope of science is understood as the finite scope of the mysteries of science itself – the fact of a limited number of possible discoveries.

Purpose: The research paper explains to what extent sociodemographic, psychographic and economic determinants differentiate attitudes towards fear of crime in Poland at the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/Methodology/Approach: The results come from an empirical study conducted on a representative sample of adult Poles. The application of the methodology relates strictly to that recognized and used in empirical research. Computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) were used at the data collection stage. At the stage of data analysis, multi-dimensional modeling with the use of optimal scaling (CATREG) was selected and descriptive and inductive statistics were used. Findings: Polish society differs from other European societies in terms of fear of crime. Political worldview, religious beliefs, marital status, age and education are rare or unusual correlates of fear of crime but turn out to be very important in Poland. Only gender, in some extent – age and the state of prior victimization are similar in directions to other Western societies. Economic and geographic factors turned out to be weak and indirect or irrelevant and require further research. Practical implications: The results justify the claim about the relatively good condition of Polish society, fear of crime is low and unrelated to economic factors. As a practical result, social groups that required political actions to reduce their fear of crime and actions to increase awareness of the threat of crime were identified. Originality value: This is the first study of this type conducted in Poland for many years. As for originality in the research used CATI technique (in contrast to face to face interviews performing before), the widest set of independent variables in the Polish studies was examined – a set of numerous variables, views, attitudes, previous experiences related to crimes (victimization), social and economic status and indicators, including economic ones, related to the place of residence. As well as the method of categorical regression analysis, not yet used in the fear of crime studies. ; peer-reviewed

The text consists of two parts. The first analyzed the internet search techniques – in a general heuristic sense and detailed i.e. specific techniques belonging to the family of query languages – so called operators (logical operators, localization operators, operators for communication channels in social media, chronometric operators, search operators in the content of the www and search operators for specific types of content). Their main function is to clarify search queries. The second part of the text contains a review and analysis of selected internet exploration tools – search engines (global search engines, search engines focusing on user privacy, metasearch engines and multisearch engines, regional search engines and catalogues, people search engines, search engines of gray literature and internet archives). Preview is not exhaustive or deepened, it serves rather the initial orientation of those interested in the search engine universe.

This paper concentrates on the analysis of methodological problems of studies conducted using the Internet, in particular on the issue of whether it is reasonable to apply classical research techniques. These considerations start with the reflection on the ontological parameters of the Internet: its physical, socio-psychological and information properties. Next, the paper analyzes four groups of research techniques: surveys of opinion, studies of behaviors, studies of cultural creations, and studies of the structure of the Internet. The subject of analyses involves the range and content of modifications required in order to apply individual research techniques in the Internet.

Delegitimization of the political system could be a strong factor leading to disruptions of the social and political order, including political violence. In order to measure the potential of this phenomenon an original measurement tool was created. The tool is based on the concept of ideal types and empirical types introduced by Max Weber and Georg Jellinek. Quantitative empirical data was provided by the Polish General Election Study (2011). Using this data, analyses of intergroup differences of selected sociodemographic and psychographic variables were carried out. The following groups emerged from the analyses: legitimizing the political system, ambivalent towards the political system, delegitimizing the political system (completely or incompletely), and several groups of moderate potential to delegitimize (for instance people rejecting democracy, but expressing satisfaction with the institutional aspects of its functioning in political practice). The gathered results confirm a moderate but noticeable potential for delegitimization of the Polish democracy; several extracted social categories may be a potential threat to internal security.

Delegitimization of the political system could be a strong factor leading to disruptions of the social and political order, including political violence. In order to measure the potential of this phenomenon an original measurement tool was created. The tool is based on the concept of ideal types and empirical types introduced by Max Weber and Georg Jellinek. Quantitative empirical data was provided by the Polish General Election Study (2011). Using this data, analyses of intergroup differences of selected sociodemographic and psychographic variables were carried out. The following groups emerged from the analyses: legitimizing the political system, ambivalent towards the political system, delegitimizing the political system (completely or incompletely), and several groups of moderate potential to delegitimize (for instance people rejecting democracy, but expressing satisfaction with the institutional aspects of its functioning in political practice). The gathered results confirm a moderate but noticeable potential for delegitimization of the Polish democracy; several extracted social categories may be a potential threat to internal security.

W artykule opracowano klucze klasyfikacyjne przemocy politycznej w Internecie, która manifestuje się w analogicznym zakresie jak w rzeczywistości fizycznej – odnotowujemy zarówno przemoc fizyczną i psychiczną, jak i kulturową i strukturalną. W ramach politycznej przemocy fizycznej w Internecie wyodrębniono trzy jej formy: cyberwojnę, cyberterroryzm oraz haktywizm wykorzystujący przemoc fizyczną. Przemoc psychiczna stanowi zespół czternastu podzielonych na trzy grupy form przemocy wyodrębnionych ze względu na poziom jej natężenia. Najszerszą kategorię przemocy stanowi przemoc strukturalna i legitymizująca ją przemoc kulturowa. Zidentyfikowano trzy jej formy: nadzór informacyjny państwa nad społeczeństwem, cenzurę internetową oraz cyfrowy podział.

PURPOSE: The paper explains to what extent selected sociodemographic, psychographic and economic factors differentiate attitudes of Poles towards corruption. ; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The results come from an empirical study based on a representative sample of adult Poles conducted by computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). The subject of statistical analysis were the following three complementary issues, the scale of corruption in the opinion and common experience of Poles, moral attitudes of Poles towards the phenomenon of corruption and sociodemographic predictors of the corruption phenomenon. Additionally, we measured the scale of corruption in the opinion and common experience of Poles. At the stage of data analysis, multi-dimensional modeling with the use of optimal scaling (CATREG) was selected and descriptive and inductive statistics were used. ; FINDINGS: The regression model for qualitative variables revealed an increased consent to the phenomenon of corruption in such groups as, age (the youngest respondents 18-24), occupation (industrial workers and craftsmen, school and university students, office workers) and political self-identification on the left-right scale. The greatest tolerance towards corruption – according to their declarations – have far right-wing and left-wing people, as well as those without specific views. The remaining components of the model, such as place of residence (voivodship), marital status and total crimes per 100,000 inhabitants, are of secondary importance. ; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of the research made possible to make two other important conclusions. Firstly, according to Poles, the phenomenon of corruption has significantly decreased over the last few years. The respondents estimated that it is now much smaller than in 2017. Secondly, we compared the obtained results with other global studies. ; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: We noticed that there is a gap between the opinions of experts (Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index) and the ...