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Curriculum policy implementation occurs within a network of state, district, school, and classroom level policies that operate within and around educators' use of formal curriculum policy documents. Starting from this observation, we report a study of teacher candidates' policy framing activities in their use of citizenship education curriculum policy documents in the Province of Ontario, Canada. We use a frame analysis methodology to examine how four teacher candidates from one Teacher Education Program in Ontario (1) frame citizenship, (2) perceive their use of the curriculum policy document, and (3) perceive the influence of a network of curriculum policy influences in their schools. Findings reveal that the candidates each have unique ways of framing citizenship, which align to varying degrees with how the documents frame citizenship. Candidates portray themselves as able to work around policy requirements and pressures where those are misaligned with their own framings of citizenship. They needed to do this to foster student civic action. On balance, broader policy pressures appear to reinforce formal curriculum policy that does not explicitly encourage civic engagement. We conclude the formal curriculum should incorporate a specific requirement in this area to provide policy leverage to educators interested in teaching through student civic action. We also take up the issue of potential politicization of the citizenship education through teacher education programs, with our findings suggesting this is highly unlikely. Keywords: curriculum, policy, politics, citizenship, citizenship education, frame analysis, Canada, secondary school, high school ; La mise en œuvre de politiques en matière de programmes d'études s'effectue dans le cadre d'un réseau de politiques au niveau de l'État, du district, de l'école et de la salle de classe, grâce à et autour de l'utilisation des documents-cadres par les enseignants du programme d'études. Partant de cette observation, nous présentons une étude sur les activités de ...

Debates have been taking place in higher education communities in Canada and other Anglo-American contexts between defenders of liberal education and promoters of neoliberalism. One development not addressed is the growth of co-operative education (co-op). The origins of co-op may reside in John Dewey's (1939, 1966) ideas about experience and democracy, but co-op also resembles a neoliberal phenomenon. We reviewed the North American literature on co-op from 1990-2014 to see if and how the rise of co-op has posed a challenge to liberal education. Our analysis revealed a dominant focus on instrumental and economic purposes reflecting neoliberal reforms, strands of philosophical and empirical inquiry consistent with liberal education, and a notable absence of critical, emancipatory outlooks. We contend that co-op researchers need to rediscover the socially progressive promise of experiential education, informed by other educational subfields. We also argue that researchers interested in neoliberal challenges to liberal education need to tap co-op as a site of inquiry.Des débats ont lieu dans des communautés de l'enseignement supérieur au Canada et dans des contextes anglo-américains, entre les apôtres d'une éducation libérale et les promoteurs du néolibéralisme. Un élément qui n'est pas abordé est la croissance de l'éducation coopérative. Les origines de l'éducation coopérative pourraient se trouver dans les idées de John Dewey (1939, 1966) touchant l'expérience et la démocratie, mais celle-ci ressemble également à un phénomène néolibéral. Nous avons examiné la documentation nord-américaine portant sur l'éducation coopérative de 1990 à 2014 pour déterminer dans quelle mesure la montée de l'éducation coopérative pose un problème à l'éducation libérale. Notre analyse a révélé un fort accent sur des objectifs instrumentaux et économiques reflétant des réformes néolibérales, des éléments d'enquête philosophique et empirique compatibles avec une éducation libérale, et une absence notable de perspectives critiques et émancipatrices. Nous soutenons que les chercheurs en l'éducation coopérative doivent redécouvrir la promesse progressiste sur le plan social qu'est celle de l'éducation expérientielle éclairée par d'autres sous-zones éducatives. Nous attestons également que les chercheurs qui s'intéressent aux défis néolibéraux à l'éducation libérale doivent se pencher sur l'éducation coopérative.

State-mandated curriculum policy documents have an important political function. Governments use them to make ideological statements about the role of schools and how the next generation of citizens are to be shaped. Beginning from this premise, we use a frame analysis methodology to examine how citizenship in the Province of Ontario, Canada is framed in four consecutive versions of the curriculum policy documents that prescribe citizenship education for secondary schools. Our analysis spans 20 years, during which two political parties – one conservative, the other liberal – held power. Our inductive analysis is presented using a typology of citizenship with five dimensions: political, public, cultural, juridical, and economic. We illustrate consistency across the decades, including a preoccupation with: 1) external and internal threats to the stability and unity of Canada (political); 2) fostering nationalistic identification (political); 3) developing transferrable skills for the globalized economy (economic); 4) establishing a pre-set role for the individual citizen, characterized by legal and ethical obligations (juridical). We reveal a gradual de-emphasis of opportunities for citizens to actively participate in reshaping their communities and society (public, cultural). This shift in the political and ideological meaning of citizenship conceives citizens as isolated individuals in a reified state and society. ; Los documentos de política curricular exigidos por el estado tienen una función política importante. Los gobiernos los usan para hacer declaraciones ideológicas sobre el papel de las escuelas y cómo se formará la próxima generación de ciudadanos. A partir de esta premisa, utilizamos una metodología de análisis de marcos para examinar cómo la ciudadanía en la Provincia de Ontario, Canadá, se enmarca en cuatro versiones consecutivas de los documentos de política curricular que prescriben la educación para la ciudadanía en las escuelas secundarias. Nuestro análisis abarca 20 años, durante los cuales dos partidos políticos, uno conservador y otro liberal, tenían el poder. Nuestro análisis inductivo se presenta utilizando una tipología de ciudadanía con cinco dimensiones: política, pública, cultural, jurídica y económica. Ilustramos la coherencia a lo largo de las décadas, incluida la preocupación por: 1) amenazas externas e internas a la estabilidad y la unidad de Canadá (política); 2) fomentar la identificación nacionalista (política); 3) desarrollar habilidades transferibles para la economía globalizada (económica); 4) establecer un rol preestablecido para el ciudadano individual, caracterizado por obligaciones legales y éticas (jurídicas). Revelamos una disminución gradual de las oportunidades para que los ciudadanos participen activamente en la remodelación de sus comunidades y sociedad (pública, cultural). Este cambio en el significado político e ideológico de la ciudadanía concibe a los ciudadanos como individuos aislados en un estado y sociedad reificados. ; Os documentos de política curricular exigidos pelo estado têm uma importante função política. Os governos as usam para fazer declarações ideológicas sobre o papel das escolas e como deve ser formada a próxima geração de cidadãos. A partir dessa premissa, usamos uma metodologia de análise de estrutura para examinar como a cidadania na Província de Ontário, Canadá, é enquadrada em quatro versões consecutivas dos documentos de política curricular que prescrevem a educação para cidadania nas escolas secundárias. Nossa análise abrange 20 anos, durante os quais dois partidos políticos - um conservador e o outro liberal - detinham o poder. Nossa análise indutiva é apresentada usando uma tipologia de cidadania com cinco dimensões: política, pública, cultural, jurídica e econômica. Ilustramos a consistência ao longo das décadas, incluindo uma preocupação com: 1) ameaças externas e internas à estabilidade e à unidade do Canadá (política); 2) promoção da identificação nacionalista (política); 3) desenvolvimento de habilidades transferíveis para a economia globalizada (econômica); 4) estabelecer um papel predefinido para o cidadão, caracterizado por obrigações legais e éticas (jurídicas). Revelamos uma gradual ênfase nas oportunidades para os cidadãos participarem ativamente na remodelação de suas comunidades e sociedade (pública, cultural). Essa mudança no significado político e ideológico da cidadania concebe os cidadãos como indivíduos isolados em um estado e sociedade reificados.

Introduction : studying the relationship between populism and educational policy and administration internationally / Peter Milley and Eugenie A. Samier -- Educational populism as a policy configuration : the struggle against school absenteeism in France / Xavier Pons -- Authoritarian populism, body politics, and the assault on gender studies : toward a new progressivism in education and society / James P. Burns, Colin D. Green and Jaime Nolan -- Challenges facing educational leaders in an ethos of anti-intellectualism : populist leadership and the personalisation of power in Hungary / András B. Kocsis -- Neoliberal crisis, the populist moment, and the challenge of educational leadership / Alexander J. Means and Kenneth J. Saltman -- Populism on young people's non-conforming behaviour as othering / Sari Vesikansa and Päivi Honkatukia -- Getting political : exploring how political savviness can help school district administrators counter frame problematic populist policies / Élian Dulude and Peter Milley -- Social foundations as preparation for school and community leadership : the urgency for deep learning in anti-intellectual times / Carol E. Harris -- Populist governance, caudillismo, and the crisis of education in Nicaragua : from the ideal of national purpose to political expediency / Richard MaClure with Melvin Sotello -- Policy making in higher education under neo-populism : a Brazilian experience / Elizabeth Balbachevsky and José Augusto Guilhon-Albuquerque -- Populism in Australian education : implications for educational leadership / Christina Gowlett and Richard Niesche -- To surveille or not to surveille : educational surveillance in populist and nationalist times / Eugenie A. Samier -- Conclusion : populism and educational leadership, policy and administration : influences, responses, and directions for scholarship and research / Peter Milley and Eugenie A. Samier.

There has been global growth in the number of social innovation initiatives launched in the university sector over the last decade. These initiatives aim to address complex social problems and to promote institutional change. This surge is occurring without a well-developed empirical knowledge base. This article provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the landscape of social innovation initiatives in the Canadian university sector. Findings show that nearly half of Canada's 96 universities are associated with at least one initiative; many are interdisciplinary and emphasize collaborative problem-solving with sectors outside the university; and government agencies and charitable foundations are the most common funding sources. Findings suggest there is room for growth and for linking and clustering initiatives. The article concludes with directions for future research. RÉSUMÉLa dernière décennie a été marquée par une croissance mondiale du nombre d'initiatives d'innovation sociale lancées dans le secteur universitaire. Ces initiatives visent à résoudre des problèmes sociaux complexes et à induire des changements institutionnels et systémiques. Cette poussée de l'activité d'innovation sociale se produit sans une base de connaissances empiriques bien développée. Nous y contribuons en fournissant une description et une analyse complètes de toutes les initiatives d'innovation sociale auxquelles participe le secteur universitaire canadien, de leurs caractéristiques et du paysage qu'elles constituent. Résultats notables: près de la moitié des 96 universités canadiennes sont associées à au moins une initiative; de nombreuses initiatives sont interdisciplinaires et mettent l'accent sur la résolution de problèmes en collaboration avec des secteurs extérieurs à l'université; Les agences gouvernementales et les fondations caritatives sont les sources de financement les plus courantes. Les résultats suggèrent: il existe un potentiel de croissance de l'innovation sociale dans le secteur; il y a moins de liens internes et de regroupement d'initiatives que ne le recommande la théorie de l'innovation; l'accent mis sur la collaboration extérieure rejoint la «troisième mission» des universités, qui existe depuis longtemps, mais les innovateurs sociaux ont des objectifs, des méthodes et des processus distincts pour mener à bien cette mission. Nous concluons avec les orientations pour les recherches futures. Keywords / Mots clés: Universities; Higher education; Social innovation; Community engagement; Service mission; Social change; Canada / Universités; Établissements d'enseignement supérieur; Innovation sociale; Engagement communautaire; Mission de service; Changement social; Canada

Public administration scholars have discerned a shift in the federal governance context in Canada, from what was traditionally a strong, nonpartisan public service to a more politicized, even partisan, model of public decision-making with power concentrated in the upper reaches of the political executive. We explore the potential implications of these changes for evaluation in the federal bureaucracy. Our analysis, tentative at this point, suggests that in light of heightened political pressures, and a decline in the use of "evidence" in federal policy circles, evaluations may present an increasingly complex activity for public administrators to manage. These developments raise important questions for the evaluation community about its relationships with public managers and its role and professional values in a democratic institution.Les observateurs du domaine de l'administration publique ont constaté un virage dans le contexte de la gouvernance fédérale au Canada, laquelle est passée d'une administration publique forte, non partisane, à un modèle plus politisé, voire partisan, de la prise de décisions où le pouvoir est concentré dans les plus hautes sphères de l'exécutif fédéral. Nous explorons les impacts possibles de ces changements sur l'évaluation au sein de la bureaucratie fédérale. Notre analyse préliminaire semble indiquer que, au vu des pressions politiques accrues et du déclin du recours aux « preuves » dans les milieux politiques fédéraux, l'évaluation devient une activité de plus en plus complexe à gérer pour les administrateurs fédéraux. Ces développements soulèvent des questions importantes au sein de la communauté de l'évaluation pour ce qui est de ses liens avec les gestionnaires du secteur public ainsi que de son rôle et de ses valeurs professionnelles au sein d'une institution démocratique.

AbstractSocial enterprise is emerging as a promising means of creating flexible employment transitions for people with intellectual disabilities. It has been adopted as an option largely in response to the extended periods of work adjustment and ongoing supportive work environments typical for this population, as well as challenges in identifying suitable and satisfying job matches in the conventional labour market. Creation of meaningful and sustainable employment in social enterprises resides at the intersection of social programming and business management, such that developers must attend to employee needs from a human resource and skills development perspective, while equally attending to sound business management practices. This scoping review aimed to identify best practices for evaluating emerging work integration social enterprises using established program evaluation methods as a means of guiding and monitoring practice. Sixteen studies met study selection criteria, and while not directly addressing the issue of evaluation quality, revealed a number of principles and practices for consideration by evaluators. Implications for evaluation practice are highlighted.

Social innovation has gained prominence as a way to address social problems and needs. Evaluators and social innovators are conceptualizing and implementing evaluation approaches for social innovation contexts; however, no systematic effort has yet been made to explore and assess the overlap between evaluation and social innovation based on the empirical knowledge base. We address this gap, drawing on 28 empirical studies of evaluation in social innovation contexts to describe what evaluation practices look like, what drives those practices, and how they affect social innovations. Findings indicate most had developmental purposes, emphasized collaborative approaches, and used multiple methods. Prominent drivers were a complexity perspective, a learning-oriented focus, and the need for responsiveness. Reported influences on social innovations included advancing strategies, improving delivery, balancing aggregate and local information needs, and reducing risk. Conflict resolution, the quality of relationships, and availability of time and capacity mediated these influences. More peer-reviewed empirical studies and a broader range of study designs are needed, including research on how evaluations influence social innovation processes over time, phases, space and scale.