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An analysis of how nativist concerns felt by some practitioner & government leaders in NY played an important role in the effort to establish a regulatory structure for the new profession of public accountancy during the 1890s. These impulses arose not only as a result of the new immigration from eastern & southern Europe, but also from the competition of a foreign professional group -- British-chartered accountants. Some long-term effects these concerns had on the subsequent development of accounting are suggested, & the experience of accountancy is contrasted with that of other contemporary professional groups. 80 References. HA

This study evaluates the Bell System's role in the revival of Japanese telecommunications during the post-World War II occupation. Civilian and military personnel who had worked for the firm and who served in the Civil Communications Service (CCS) of the Supreme Command Allied Powers represented the primary agents for knowledge transfer to Japan's Ministry of Communications (MOC) and its supporting independent equipment manufacturers. The MOC became a channel for communicating ideas about management practices at the Bell System to the local telecommunications industry. The CCS's actions in Japan represent what Alfred D. Chandler has termed the "integrated learning base" in action in the public sector. The CCS's role in knowledge transfer has been underestimated by many scholars who have focused primarily on its contributions to promoting production and quality engineering in telecommunications manufacturing. Its central achievement was laying the managerial groundwork for the establishment in 1952 of the governmental enterprise Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.

In contrast to prevailing models, it is argued that professional labor has benefited from its close integration into corporate & other hierarchies. Using historical case studies from law, engineering, & accounting, it is shown how this relationship developed over time & how actors used it to build their professions. In forging close ties to large-scale organizations, professionals were largely successful in avoiding proletarianization of their work & also in maintaining a necessary degree of autonomy from corporate control. 84 References. Adapted from the source document.