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AbstractThe trend toward the "humanization" of international law reflects a greater emphasis on individuals rather than simply states as objects of concern. The advance of human rights law (HRL) has been an important impetus for this trend. Some observers suggest that humanization can be furthered even more by applying HRL rather than international humanitarian law (IHL) to hostilities between states and nonstate armed groups, unless a state explicitly declares that it is engaged in an armed conflict. This essay argues, however, that a court should not defer to a state's characterization of hostilities, but should base its analysis on whether hostilities meet the criteria for an armed conflict. Applying HRL to hostilities that effectively are an armed conflict but not acknowledged as such risks diluting the legitimacy and normative force of HRL. On the one hand, if a court applies conventional stringent HRL standards, this body of law may be seen as unrealistic and is likely to be ignored. On the other hand, a court that adapts HRL standards to armed conflict may need to take a consequentialist approach at odds with HRL's deontological foundations. Clearly differentiating between HRL and IHL may thus best promote the humanization of warfare.

The trend toward the "humanization" of international law reflects a greater emphasis on individuals rather than simply states as objects of concern. The advance of human rights law (HRL) has been an important impetus for this trend. Some observers suggest that humanization can be furthered even more by applying HRL rather than international humanitarian law (IHL) to hostilities between states and nonstate armed groups, unless a state explicitly declares that it is engaged in an armed conflict. This essay argues, however, that a court should not defer to a state's characterization of hostilities, but should base its analysis on whether hostilities meet the criteria for an armed conflict. Applying HRL to hostilities that effectively are an armed conflict but not acknowledged as such risks diluting the legitimacy and normative force of HRL. On the one hand, if a court applies conventional stringent HRL standards, this body of law may be seen as unrealistic and is likely to be ignored. On the other hand, a court that adapts HRL standards to armed conflict may need to take a consequentialist approach at odds with HRL's deontological foundations. Clearly differentiating between HRL and IHL may thus best promote the humanization of warfare.

Gyeongsang University Turnitin Trash Files HUMAN CAPITAL NEXUS AND GROWTH OF NIGERIA ECONOMY CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Government expenditure equally known as public spending simply refers to yearly expenditure by the public sector (government) in order to achieve some macroeconomic aims notably high literacy rate, skilled manpower, high standard of living, poverty alleviation, national productivity growth, and macro-economic stability. It is also expenditure by public authorities at various tiers of government to collectively cater for the social needs of the people. Generally, it has been revealed that public expenditure plays a key role in realizing economic growth. This is because providing good education to individuals is one of the principal avenues of improving human resource quality in any economy. From this perspective, advancing school enrolment may subsequently lead to economic growth. Therefore, education remains the effective way to subdue poverty, illiteracy, underfeeding and accelerate economic growth in the long-term. Much attention has been channeled towards clarifying the relationship between education and economic growth, and so, has led to series of studies by economists over the past 30 years. There is substantial literature to back the fact that correlation exists between the two. (Sylvie, 2018). In line with the views of Hadir and Lahrech (2015), the fact that humans are the most worthy assets remains undisputable in both developed and developing countries. Therefore efficiency in human resource management is pertinent if development must be realized. In this sense, the major gateway to development is adequate investment in human capital which may be described as an individual's potential economic value in terms of skills, knowledge, and other intangible assets. In order to realize the well-known macroeconomic objective of economic growth, Nigeria being a developing country embarked on some programs in the educational sector with the aim of boosting human capital ...

The intense debate over US targeted drone strikes outside war zones has been limited by the failure to review and assess a considerable body of quantitative research and qualitative material on the impacts of such strikes on terrorist groups and civilians. This book fills an important gap in the literature by conducting a careful and rigorous review of such evidence. It argues that decisions about the use of targeted strikes as a counterterrorism instrument, as well as legal and ethical evaluations of such use, must be informed by our best understanding of the insights that empirical evidence can provide on the effectiveness of strikes and the costs they impose on populations where they occur. Mitt Regan is McDevitt Professor of Jurisprudence and Co-Director of the Center on National Security at Georgetown Law Center, and Senior Fellow at the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership at the US Naval Academy. .

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Knowledge Economy -- Entrepreneurship-A Renaissance -- Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurs -- Social Challenges -- Social Entrepreneurship -- Knowledge and Social Entrepreneurship -- Technology -- ICT -- Economy and Technology -- Knowledge -- Knowledge and Entrepreneurship -- Knowledge and Corporations -- Knowledge and Job Market -- Global Competition and Knowledge -- Innovation -- Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship -- Innovation and Social Change -- Conclusion -- References -- Part I -- Chapter 2 Knowledge Economy -- Introduction -- Knowledge Economy and It's Characteristics -- Services Sectors and Post-industrial Society -- New Knowledge and the Economy -- ICT and Productivity -- Social Change and Technology -- Globalization -- Globalization Background -- Globalization and Developing Countries -- Globalization and Government Policies -- Deregulation -- Globalization and Finance -- Globalization and Migration -- Knowledge Economy and Globalized World -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Knowledge Society -- Introduction -- Information and Knowledge Societies -- Division of Knowledge in the Society -- Intellectual Capital -- The Importance of Human Capital -- Service Sector -- Digital Divide -- The Internet and the Digital Divide -- Knowledge Workers -- Contingent Workers -- Learning in Knowledge Society -- Learning Society -- Job Prospect in the Society -- Knowledge Society and Developing Countries -- Information Empowerment -- Access to Education -- The Impact of Technology Change -- Benefits of Knowledge in Society -- Knowledge Clusters and Knowledge Hubs -- Knowledge Creation and Clusters -- Higher Education -- Is There a Need for Higher Education in the Knowledge Economy? -- Network Society -- Technological Determinism -- Reductionism -- Conclusion.

Hybrid Threats and Grey Zone Conflict explores the legal dimension of strategic competition below the threshold of war, assessing the key legal and ethical questions posed for liberal democracies. Bringing together diverse scholarly and practitioner perspectives, the volume introduces readers to the conceptual and practical difficulties arising in this area, the rich debates the topic has generated, and the challenges that countering hybrid threats and grey zone conflict poses for liberal democracies.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction: BigLaw -- 1. Business and Profession: Bridging the Divide -- 2. Clients in the Driver's Seat -- 3. Encouraging Entrepreneurs -- 4. Entrepreneurs and Collaboration -- 5. Pruning for Productivity -- 6. The Material Economy of Compensation -- 7. The Symbolic Economy of Compensation -- 8. Luring Laterals -- 9. Trusted Advisors and Service Providers -- Conclusion: Money and Meaning in the Modern Law Firm -- Appendix on the Research Project -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Index.

This volume examines the ethical issues that arise as a result of national security intelligence collection and analysis. Powerful new technologies enable the collection, communication, and analysis of national security data on an unprecedented scale. Data collection now plays a central role in intelligence practice, yet this development raises a host of ethical and national security problems, such as: privacy; autonomy; threats to national security and democracy by foreign states; and accountability for liberal democracies. This volume provides a comprehensive set of in-depth ethical analyses of these problems by combining contributions from both ethics scholars and intelligence practitioners. It provides the reader with a practical understanding of relevant operations, the issues that they raise, and analysis of how responses to these issues can be informed by a commitment to liberal democratic values. This combination of perspectives is crucial in providing an informed appreciation of ethical challenges that is also grounded in the realities of the practice of intelligence. This book will be of great interest to all students of intelligence studies, ethics, security studies, foreign policy, and International Relations.