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Abstrak: Perkawinan merupakan suatu ikatan yang melahirkan keluarga sebagai salah satu unsur dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat dan bernegara, yang diatur oleh aturan hukum, baik hukum Islâm maupun hukum positif (negara). Untuk dapat mewujudkan tujuan perkawinan, hukum negara, yakni Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 menentukan batas umur minimal untuk melangsungkan perkawinan, yakni usia 19 tahun untuk pria dan usia 16 tahun bagi wanita. Sedangkan hukum Islâm tidak menentukan secara kongkrit batas minimal usia perkawinan. Meghadapi dualisme hukum ini, negara seharusnya mengambil langkah tegas. Jika negara sudah melarang perkawinan di bawah umur, maka konsekuensinya segala hukum yang bertentangan dengannya harus ditiadakan, sehingga terjadi kepastian hukum. Abstract: Marriage is the bond of family that becomes one of the elements of social and state life. It is regulated in both Islamic and state laws. To concretize the marriage purpose, state law apllies the constitution of Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 that decides minimal age limit of marriage---19 years old for male citizens and 16 years old for the female ones. On the other hand, the Islamic law do not explicitly declare this. State must take a firm action to face this dualism, it must forbid non-state regulation that is in contradiction against state law including the law that allows the marriage beyond the age limit. It is about to guarantee the legal security or rule of law. Kata-kata Kunci: Hukum Islâm, perkawinan di bawah umur, hukum negara, dan negara.

"The world's largest Wahhabi state, Saudi Arabia, and the world's largest Shia state, Iran, face each other across the Persian Gulf. But the relationship between them is one of the most fraught in the world. This is usually attributed to sectarian differences, even by the states' own elites. However, this book shows that in their official speeches, newspaper editorials and Friday sermons, these elites use sectarian and nationalist references and tropes to denigrate each other and promote themselves in the eyes of their respective constituencies in the region. Talal Mohammad, who is fluent in both Arabic and Persian, examines Saudi-Iranian rivalry using discourse analysis of these religious, political and journalistic sources. Tracing what has been produced since 1979 in parallel, he argues for a consistent pattern of mutual misrepresentation, whereby each frames its counterpart as the 'Other' to which a specific political agenda can be justified and advanced. The book covers key events including the Iranian Revolution, the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the Taliban war, the fall of Saddam, the Arab Spring, the rise of Mohammed bin Salman, and the war on ISIS. While until now Saudi-Iranian rivalry has been understood in primarily sectarian or geopolitical terms, the author argues here that the discursive othering serves as a propagandist function that supports more fundamental political and geopolitical considerations"--

This study examines the Facebook pages of all four telecom operators in Bangladesh to understand their communication strategies on Facebook and their customers' engagement patterns. More specifically, this article explores the companies' communication strategies deployed in terms of five aspects: i) visual vs. textual content; ii) cultural elements; iii) purposes of posts; iv) intimacy with customers; and v) use of different languages. This research also explores customers' engagement patterns relating to the number of reactions (e.g., likes), comments, and shares. Analyzing their Facebook posts from 2013–2017, this quantitative descriptive study finds that the corporations used Facebook not only to disseminate information but also to build communities around their brands by embedding visual content and cultural elements heavily in status messages. This article also discusses the real-world implications of these findings.

Artikel ini menjelaskan politisasi agama dalam UU Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, yang menjadi perdebatan di kalangan masyarakat, apakah pasal itu mencerminkan pasal pendidikan atau agama? Ada banyak kalangan yang menilai bahwa UU Sisdiknas cenderung dijadikan instrumen untuk memecah belah bangsa dan anak didik pasti menjadi korban dari kebijakan yang menuai pro-kontra ini. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 13 aya 1 terkesan memang memuat unsur-unsur untuk memotivasi agar setiap anak terdidik dalam agama. Namun, muncul kekhawatiran dalam kontesk praktiknya bahwa pendidikan selama ini tidak menitikberatkan pada aspek religiusitas anak didik, melainkan kepada aspek ritualisme. Penekanan pada aspek ritualisme inilah yang membuat pemaknaan terhadap agama begitu sangat sempit dan rigid. Pemahaman agama yang sempit ini seolah-olah hanya ingin memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan kekuasaan, yang dibalut dengan masuknya pendidikan agama dalam regulasi formalistik-kapitalistik.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the role of liberalization, business group affiliation and degree of internationalization (DOI) on the performance of Indian international new ventures (INVs).Design/methodology/approachThe study identifies Indian INVs incorporated between 1991 and 2010 against the backdrop of liberalization. To test various hypotheses, a random effects panel regression analysis was conducted for publicly listed Indian INVs.FindingsThe results highlight that business group affiliation and DOI are positively related to INV performance. Further, liberalization negatively moderates the relationship between group affiliation and INV performance. The authors' findings indicate that as institutions improve, the positive effect of business group affiliation on firm performance decreases in emerging markets.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper highlights the benefits accruing to business group affiliated INVs and the moderating role of liberalization on firm performance. Future studies may augment the authors' understanding of INV performance by testing heterogeneity within business groups and their impact on INV performance across other emerging economies.Practical implicationsAs institutional reforms strengthen over time, the positive effect of group affiliation on INV performance declines. Hence, managers of group affiliates need to adapt to the changing institutions faster and develop their fit with the institutional environment earlier than standalone firms, to mitigate their profitability issues.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper to discuss the role of business group affiliation and the moderating role of liberalization on INV performance with theoretical and managerial implications.

The rice program for poor families or commonly known as Raskin is one of the government's efforts to reduce the burden of expenditure on poor families. The Raskin program is to reduce poverty and maintain the food of economically disadvantaged people so that all parties are expected to participate in the success of this program so that it can be implemented properly and is beneficial to the community. In general, the problems that occur in the assistance of Poor Rice assistance are still not optimal, because at the time of selection of poor rice recipients there is no system that supports so that during the selection process still using estimates only and there is no calculation at the time of selection of poor rice recipients. So that few or many people sometimes protest because people are supposed to get help but they don't get the assistance, and vice versa. The purpose of this study is to help the committee to receive poor rice assistance in selecting people who are entitled to receive assistance, especially in the district of Banawa. The research method used is the software development method using the prototype method and decision-making method using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. Based on the results of testing conducted with the black box technique, the results show that the decision support system for receiving poor rice assistance can help the sub-district, especially the committee in selecting poor rice aid recipients, by comparing the criteria for each alternative and showing the value the highest of alternatives means that the alternative is the main choice for receiving poor rice assistance.

This paper examines the process of Bangladesh's trade liberalization and its impact on the growth and structure of exports, imports, GDP and other relevant macroeconomic variables with particular emphasis on exports. It also provides an updated account of the various structural adjustment programs undertaken in Bangladesh including trade, fiscal, industrial and financial reforms, and explains how these reforms supplemented one another to promote greater market and export orientation. Various Indicators of trade liberalization show a substantial shift of the Bangladesh external trade regime and the resultant reduction in anti-export bias. Spearheaded by textiles and readymade garments, both total- and manufacturing exports consistently grew over the post-liberalization period. Real GDP also registered a steady growth during the post-liberalization period, particularly during the 1990s. An empirical investigation based on a distributed lag modeling and cointegration suggests that both anti-export bias reduction and import-GDP ratio, the latter being a proxy for imported capital, have significantly impacted on exports in the long-term.

Intro -- Advances in Carbon Capture: Methods, Technologies and Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editors biography -- Section I: Introduction to CO2 capture -- Chapter 1: CO2 emission sources, greenhouse gases, and the global warming effect -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Major greenhouse gases and their forms of emission -- 1.2.1. CH4 emission -- 1.2.2. N2O emission -- 1.2.3. CO2 emission -- 1.2.4. SO2 emission -- 1.3. Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect -- 1.4. CO2 as a major contributor to global warming and climate change -- 1.5. Current CO2 emission trends