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The fight towards equality for LGBTI groups in the country has made a lot of progress in the past few years. However, a brief overview to the current legal framework, including public policies within the criminal justice system and the rehabilitation system, persuades to believe that what has been achieved so far, has longed overlooked a differential and fair treatment within prisons. Likewise, academic research about transgender people inside the prison system are scarce, and for the Ecuadorian case, it can be argued are almost inexistent. It is a realm that has escaped the government's view. Gender identity and respect towards individual sexuality have been actively promoted from the OC-24/17, which also reflects itself to the criminological context into the prison system in Ecuador. This essay will try to confront this reality and make some space to debate. ; La lucha por la igualdad de derechos para con grupos LGBTI en el país ha dado importantes pasos en los últimos años. Sin embargo, un análisis superficial tanto de la normativa vigente, así como de las políticas públicas dentro del sistema penal y de rehabilitación de penas, induce a creer que los avances logrados han dejado de largo un tratamiento justo y diferenciado acorde a las distintas necesidades individuales dentro de las cárceles en el país. De la misma manera, los estudios académicos sobre personas transgénero dentro del sistema penitenciario son escasos, y para el caso ecuatoriano casi inexistente, realidad que escapa incluso a los entes gubernamentales. El respeto a la identidad de género y sexual promovida desde la OC-24/17 se decanta al contexto criminológico visto desde el sistema de rehabilitación de penas en Ecuador. Este ensayo intentará enfrentar dicha problemática y abrir espacio a la discusión.

This paper presents a new method for edge-preserving color image denoising based on the tensor voting framework, a robust perceptual grouping technique used to extract salient information from noisy data. The tensor voting framework is adapted to encode color information through tensors in order to propagate them in a neighborhood by using a specific voting process. This voting process is specifically designed for edge-preserving color image denoising by taking into account perceptual color differences, region uniformity and edginess according to a set of intuitive perceptual criteria. Perceptual color differences are estimated by means of an optimized version of the CIEDE2000 formula, while uniformity and edginess are estimated by means of saliency maps obtained from the tensor voting process. Measurements of removed noise, edge preservation and undesirable introduced artifacts, additionally to visual inspection, show that the proposed method has a better performance than the state-of-the-art image denoising algorithms for images contaminated with CCD camera noise. ; Funding Agencies|Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology|DPI2007-66556-C03-03|Department of Innovation, Universities and Companies of the Catalonian Government||European Social Fund||

En esta conversación a cuatro voces Marta Lorente, Clément Thibaud, Marcela Echeverri y Rodrigo Moreno hacen balance de la producción historiográfica en torno a las independencias y el primer constitucionalismo en el mundo hispano y proponen nuevas vías de investigación.

8 pags., 6 figs. ; Er doping of TiO colloidal nanocrystals enhances their performance for photo-induced applications. Such doping is known to delay the anatase to rutile transformation under thermal treatment; nonetheless relevant information on the Er light emission and location within the TiO structures is still incomplete. Er photoluminescence emission both in the visible (upconverted) and infrared photoluminescence is used for the first time to probe the ions location within the different TiO structures. The results show that Er ions in the as-prepared xerogels are not embedded in the anatase crystallites, and only upon thermal treatment Er diffusion is induced into crystal interstitial positions to form a solid solution. At higher temperatures rutile is formed inducing Er segregation and giving rise to the formation of pyrochlore (ErTiO), as shown by a distinct emission in the infrared spectrum due to the Er ions located within the pyrochlore compound. Although pyrochlore is usually a high temperature phase, analysis of the photoluminescence allows its labeling at temperatures as low as 600–700 °C for small Er concentrations (1 mol %). Increasing Er concentration promotes its enrichment at the nanocrystallites surface accomplished by the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation, suggesting that Er ions control the TiO nanocrystals surface properties. ; This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO, Government of Spain) under Grants MINECO/FEDER TEC2015-69916-C2-1-R and MAT2015-65356-C3-1-R. IC and MB acknowledge the grants JAE-Pre-201100578 and JAE-Pre-083, respectively. ; Peer Reviewed