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"Regardless of their size, all cities are ultimately agglomerations of people and institutions. Agglomeration economies make it possible to attain minimum efficiencies of scale in the organization and delivery of services. However, the economic benefits do not constitute the main advantage of a city. A city's status rests on three dimensions: (1) political impetus, which is the result of citizens' participation and the public administration's agenda; (2) applications derived from technological advances (especially in ICT); and (3) cooperation between public and private initiatives in business development and entrepreneurship. These three dimensions determine which resources are necessary to create smart cities. But a smart city, ideal in the way it channels and resolves technological, social and economic-growth issues, requires many additional elements to function at a high-performance level, such as culture (an environment that empowers and engages citizens) and physical infrastructure designed to foster competition and collaboration, encourage new ideas and actions, and set the stage for new business creation"--Page 4 of cover

El turismo es un pilar fundamental en el desarrollo económico y social de España. Dentro del sector turístico, las compañías aéreas suponen un elemento de vital importancia, al ser este medio el más utilizado por los turistas para sus desplazamientos. Dichas compañías producen un elevado porcentaje de contaminación -atmosférica y acústica, fundamentalmente- que ha de reducirse porque su volumen y ritmo de evolución son insostenibles tanto desde una óptica global como desde la perspectiva de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y las políticas de protección ambiental de los países avanzados, especialmente, en los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea. Así pues, se observa en la actualidad cómo las compañías aéreas avanzan hacia el desarrollo de políticas de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa que enfatizan la dimensión medioambiental de su negocio. Analizar la dinámica empresarial de las mismas, desde esta perspectiva, es importante para extraer conclusiones acerca de la importancia del cambio estructural y funcional del sistema social, económico y político para la sostenibilidad y, también, para el mantenimiento de los equilibrios básicos del ecosistema socioeconómico y ambiental de nuestros días. ; Tourism is a significant economic sector since the economic and social development of Spain points of view. Within, airlines are crucial due to it accounts for the highest share on international tourists transport mean selection. Airlines produce a significant percentage of total pollution –mostly atmospheric and acoustic, that should be reduced because their volume and rhythm of increase are unsustainable from the global perspective and also for sustainable development aims and environmental protection policies, particularly the E.U policies. Therefore, airlines are progressing nowadays through Social Corporative Responsibility policies which emphasize their business environmental dimension. It is relevant to analyze those firm SCR dynamics in order to obtain conclusions on the structural and functional systems drivers of change – since the social economic and political perspectives and its relations to sustainability; also in terms to their collaboration to socioeconomic and environmental basic equilibrium maintenance.

This paper defines the social factors that determine sustainable behavior and identifies the elements that promote such behavior. These factors are external from the individual and causal regarding sustainable behavior, an area that receives little attention in literature. It uses a theoretical model, based on existing research, which is tested through a questionnaire with 26 indicators adapted to the Spanish context. In an initial analysis, this model proposed, as determining social factors in the CCS, aspects such as government action, social pressure, influence of the social environment, demographic variables (age, gender, education level), education and information, and market conditions. Finally, it was concluded that 43.4% of the variance of the endogenous latent variable (SCC) can be explained only by three exogenous latent constructions: environmental influences (in particular the influence of family and friends, as well as that generated by cultural factors such as traditions), education and information (specifically related to information on sustainability and the effects of personal consumption on the environment), and market conditions (referring to the positive perception of sustainable products by consumers, including their willingness to pay higher prices than those of conventional products). The rest of the exogenous variables did not have a significant relationship with the endogenous variable. These results are very useful for government institutions, companies that operate in the sector and pro-environmental and pro-social groups, that knowing what motivates people to adopt this form of behavior can design relevant strategies to get positive answers about the environment, the economy and the society.

Este artículo analiza los distintos mercados de bienes artísticos y de colección generados por la existencia de factores externos a las obras de arte (legislación de Patrimonio Histórico de cada país, tradición coleccionista, conducta de la actividad comercial, gustos y modas de los compradores). Estos factores extrínsecos son los responsables de la gran diferencia de precio que observamos entre los récords alcanzados por el mercado pictórico internacional y el español. Resulta curioso que España, segundo país con mayor patrimonio cultural del mundo, sólo por detrás de Italia, tenga una relevancia tan escasa en el mercado del arte a nivel internacional, en cuanto a valoración económica de las obras vendidas, debido al gravamen que suponen las tasas de exportación, que limitan la competitividad del mercado nacional. Por otro lado, también observamos distintas pautas de actuación de los comerciantes profesionales del mercado del arte, según el mercado en que se encuentren, adaptando las características de las obras a los gustos y modas del cliente tipo de cada país para obtener la máxima rentabilidad en cada venta. ; This paper analyses different art and collectible markets, which are generated by external factors of Master pieces as: Cultural Laws, behaviour of collectors, commercial activity behaviour, taste or preferences of clients). Those external factors are responsible of the big difference of record prices between International and Spanish markets paintings. It is extremely curious that Spain, with the second Historic Heritage in the world, just after Italy, has so little importance in terms of economic valuation of the master pieces sold, in an international perspective. This low valuation is due to the fact of the exportation fee charged by the Spanish Ministry of Culture, which limits the Spanish competitiveness. At the same time, we find different behaviours of art professionals, searching finest places and sell procedures to obtain best results in the prices, adapting each master piece on each opportune market.