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The various pronatalist policies enacted between WWI & WWII by Italy, Germany, & Sweden are presented within the context of a 'coercive' & 'noncoercive' policy dichotomy. The social context in which these pronatalist policies were enacted is examined, with special emphasis on Italian & German migration policies. An attempt is made to assess the impact of the various pronatalist measures on birth rates. Implications of the study indicate that knowledge of existing overt pronatalist policies & an understanding of the social milieu in which such policies are enacted will help present-day population policy planners. 6 Tables. 4 Figures. Modified HA.

The impact of parents and best friends upon the marital lifestyle preferences of a sample of 181 high school students is examined. Respondents' choices of lifestyles are found to be correlated with their perceptions of best friends' choices to a slightly greater degree than with perceptions of parents' choices. However, perceptions of best friends' and parents' choices both exert a significant influence on respondents' own choices. Mother's occupation also exerts a strong influence. A variety of family and attitudinal variables tested through regression analysis fail to show any additional significant influence on respondents' stated preferences for marital lifestyles.

Research on the dual-career family is identifying strains and costs particular to women who are attempting to balance the two roles of career and family. Counseling and associated research have not, as yet, provided knowledge that would lead to the more effective counseling of women in dual career families. Using wives in the second phase of a longitudinal study of 53 dual career couples, this study inductively derives a set of dual-career scales useful for counseling: family and career interface, personal satisfaction with trend setting, career support of the traditional wife-mother role, trend breaking, trend maintenance, and compensatory factors. All met stringent reliability analyses and S form Guttman scales that allow for the internal ordering of subareas from least difficult to most difficult. These subareas in the Guttman scales provide a quantitative base for identifying in detail areas to counsel and which areas must be counseled first before other diagnosed problem areas can be coped with.