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This paper explores the interaction between foreign-debt bailout guarantees, financial supervision and optimal factor taxation. The context is that of a pre-"twin crises" emerging market economy and the analysis is undertaken using an original stylised two-period model based on the insights of the "third-generation" currency crisis literature. Bailout guarantees lead to moral hazard problems as banks monitor less and lend more than is socially desirable. As such, the solution of the government's Ramsey taxation problem under bailouts entails a corrective rationale for capital taxation, implying a higher tax-rate than would otherwise be the case. When complementary regulatory instruments, such as effort-adjusted capital-requirements, are available to government, this capital tax-rate decreases with an increase in supervisory effectiveness. The paper's conclusion is that bailout guarantees should only co-exist with some form of effective banking supervision to ensure that the effects of moral hazard are mitigated, which reinforces the view that emerging economies can signal their financial reputation and also contribute to reducing the risk of future crises only by implementing good governance and effective supervisory procedures in their financial systems. ; N/A

O presente projeto consiste num plano de negócio para a Greennuts, uma empresa de produção de bens alimentares que pretende conquistar um lugar no mercado alimentar. Os objetivos do projeto prendem-se com a avaliação económica e financeira do plano de negócio e consequente análise de viabilidade. Para tal, foi efetuado um estudo exaustivo de todas as variáveis que possam afetar o desenvolvimento do projeto. Este estudo foi feito através de uma revisão da literatura de alguns autores, destacando-se os artigos de Martino (2015) e Couceiro (2013). Posteriormente é apresentada uma análise de mercado, um estudo das políticas de implementação do negócio e da conjuntura económica nacional. A partir daqui, foram avaliadas as oportunidades e ameaças para a Greennuts e realçados os seus pontos fortes e fracos para que se possa estudar a integração da empresa na sua envolvência. Com base no levantamento de dados e no respetivo estudo, foi traçada a estratégia de desenvolvimento da Greennuts que contém todo o processo de formulação estratégica, desde a explicação do conceito de negócio, até à definição do melhor caminho para alcançar os objetivos. Finalmente, foi determinado com maior precisão, um conjunto de políticas de implementação do negócio que, assistidas das respetivas estimativas de custos e proveitos, fundamentam a análise de viabilidade económica e financeira realizada, afirmando-o como um projeto viável.

This article examines the political and the media discourses concerning the Portuguese governmental program responsible for delivering a laptop named "Magalhães" to all primary school children. The analysis is based on the official documents related to the launch and development of the initiative as well as the press coverage of this topic. The main purpose is to recognize the dominant public discourses and to find out what the media select for the debate in the public sphere. This analysis was done with a particular focus on the critical media literacy framework. The results reveal that the press highlighted the negative aspects of that program and that this framing could have a strong impact on how it was accepted and understood by the public opinion. Analysis also reveals that the governmental initiative was predominantly driven by technological objectives, in particular the access to technology, rather than media literacy objectives. ; The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This paper is part of a three years project named "Navigating with 'Magalhaes': Study on the Impact of Digital Media in Schoolchildren" funded by FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) and co-funded by FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (ERDF: European Regional Development Fund) through COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade (Operational Competitiveness ...

Considerable attention has been given in administrative and organizational literature to the values that guide organizational behavior and public and private management. However, the separation between public and private management remains with its ups and downs and over time continues to be a recurring theme in literature specifically focused on management, public policy and administrative law. The influence that New Public Management (NPM) has had on Portugal's administrative reform has been widely recognized by Portuguese authors. In several oecd countries governments have taken similar initiatives. Nevertheless, there is a significant difference between the administrative reform found in countries of Anglo-Saxon heritage and the countries of continental Europe. Such a difference seems to be rooted in the role that administrative law plays in these European countries and the role it has in Common Law systems. ; Muita atenção tem sido dada na literatura administrativa e organizacional aos valores que guiam o comportamento organizacional e de gestão pública e privada. Todavia, o separador de águas entre a gestão pública e a privada manteve-se ao longo do tempo, com altos e baixos, como ponto controverso na literatura específica da administração e políticas públicas e do direito administrativo. A influência da Nova Gestão Pública (NGP) na reforma administrativa em Portugal é amplamente reconhecida em Portugal. Foram muitos os governos que, nos países da oecd, tomaram iniciativas idênticas. Há porém uma diferença acentuada entre a reforma administrativa dos países anglófonos e a dos países da Europa continental. Ora, tal diferença parece radicar no papel que o direito administrativo tem nestes países europeus e que não tem nos sistemas de Common Law. Este artigo quer contribuir para o debate da existência de dois paradigmas administrativos onde a separação entre gestão privada e pública parece colocar-se de forma diferenciada e a ética assume distinta ponderação.

In 2008, the XVII Portuguese Constitutional Government launched the 'e.escolinha' programme, within the Technological Plan for Education, which set out the distribution of a computer, called 'Magalhães', designed for chil-dren attending the 1st cycle of basic education. Suspended in 2011 by the XIX Government, this programme has allowed, however, almost 500 000 children to have access to a personal computer. It was expected that this political measure would "revolutionise" the national education system by bringing changes to the pedagogical practices of teachers and the learning processes of children and by achieving educational success, in general. Based on documental analysis and on a set of interviews with key decision-makers in conceiving, implementing and monitoring this governmental initiative, the fi rst part of this chapter presents and analyses the 'e.escolinha' initiative and the policies be-hind that governmental programme, seeking to disassemble those objectives and provide some insights into the relationship between discourses, rhetoric, and reality. After that, the chapter focuses on children's uses and practices with the 'Magalhães' laptop, at school and at home. Based on the results of questionnaires fi lled in by approximately 1500 children from 32 First Cycle public schools of the municipality of Braga (north of Portugal) and also from questionnaires applied to their parents and teachers, this chapter intends to analyse the real impact of this initiative for children, family and school. It also seeks to discuss the contribution of this educational policy to children's digital literacy and also to their own and their families' social and digital inclusion. To understand if it represented an added value to teachers' pedagogical practice is another of its aims. The fi ndings point out a major focus on technology and access rather than on uses and competences or even on social, educational and cultural change. In fact, a major conclusion is the existence of a strong gap between the policy and the ...

Jorge Braga de Macedo as an Economic Historian: The Transition of the Portuguese Economy from the Authoritarian to the Democratic Period (1960-1979) -- Bagehot for "Followers": How Did the Portuguese Lender of Last Resort Manage the First Post World War I Crisis? -- What's in a Bond? The Value of Portugal or the Financial Origins of the Portuguese Civil War -- A Thirteenth-Century Fiscal Constitution -- Economic History and History of Economics: Complementary Approaches to Portuguese Economic Development -- US Inflation and the Imbalances of the Bretton Woods System 1965 to 1973 -- The Gold Standard and the Euro: Conjoined Twins or Distant Relations? -- A Macro Stabilization Function for the Euro Area -- Towards a Sustainable Eurozone -- Fiscal Governance in the Euro Area: What Kind of Union? -- On the Limits of EU Differentiated Integration: Lessons from the Eurozone crisis and from Brexit -- The Peculiar First Semester of 2012 -- The Krugman-Macedo Diagram Revisited -- Notes on a Peripheral Economy -- Tax, Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Global Problems, Global Solutions? -- International Migration and Social Network Spillovers of Political Norms -- Regulated Early Closures of Coal-Fired Power Plants and Tougher Energy Taxation on Electricity Production: Synergy or Rivalry? -- Measuring What Social Partners Do About Wages Over the Business Cycle -- Selling the View -- A Constitutional Theory of Intergenerational Equity -- International Cooperation in the Age of Populism.

Der vorliegende Bericht über das integrierte Projekt von Caboxanque analysiert im ersten Teil die globalen Ergebnisse des Projekts, indem es die Auswirkungen auf die Sozialstruktur, auf die speziellen Zielgruppen Frauen und Jugendliche, auf die Bevölkerungspartizipation, die Umwelt und die technologischen Ebenen untersucht. Im zweiten Teil werden die Aktivitäten auf der Ebene der Subprojekte bewertet und im dritten Teil systematisierte Empfehlungen gegeben. (DÜI-Wgm)

With the introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies in our daily lives, fear and anxiety about their misuse as well as their inherent biases, incorporated during their creation, have led to a demand for governance and associated regulation. Yet regulating an innovation process that is not well understood may stifle this process and reduce benefits that society may gain from the generated technology, even under the best intentions. Instruments to shed light on such processes are thus needed as they can ensure that imposed policies achieve the ambitions for which they were designed. Starting from a game-theoretical model that captures the fundamental dynamics of a race for domain supremacy using AI technology, we show how socially unwanted outcomes may be produced when sanctioning is applied unconditionally to risk-taking, i.e. potentially unsafe, behaviours. We demonstrate here the potential of a regulatory approach that combines a voluntary commitment approach reminiscent of soft law, wherein technologists have the freedom of choice between independently pursuing their course of actions or establishing binding agreements to act safely, with either a peer or governmental sanctioning system of those that do not abide by what they pledged. As commitments are binding and sanctioned, they go beyond the classic view of soft law, akin more closely to actual law-enforced regulation. Overall, this work reveals how voluntary but sanctionable commitments generate socially beneficial outcomes in all scenarios envisageable in a short-term race towards domain supremacy through AI technology. These results provide an original dynamic systems perspective of the governance potential of enforceable soft law techniques or co-regulatory mechanisms, showing how they may impact the ambitions of developers in the context of the AI-based applications. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The olive grove is a key landscape across the Mediterranean basin. This agroecosystem is threatened by Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of the olive tree quick decline syndrome, Philaenus spumarius being the main vector. A way to limit pest populations relies on the use of biological control agents such as arthropods. Among them, spiders are generalist predators with di erent hunting strategies that feed mostly on insects and can contribute to limit pests. In this work, field and laboratory data were used to provide a protocol aiming to facilitate the selection of species of spiders among di erent guilds that could represent potential natural enemies of P. spumarius. Sampling of spiders was conducted in olive groves in northeastern Portugal. Two species, namely the orb-weaver Araniella cucurbitina and the ambusher Synema globosum, were selected according to the dominant guilds of spiders inhabiting the olive crop. We tested the di erences of potential predatory e ciency using classical functional response tests with P. spumarius as prey. A type-II functional response was found for A. cucurbitina, whereas a type-I response was found for S. globosum. This di erence uncovers a di erent potential e ciency among the two species as natural enemies of P. spumarius with relevant implications at high prey density in the field. A conceptual workflow to follow the fieldwork and selection of species for further work (i.e., laboratory assays) is provided and discussed. Standardized methods regarding the assessment of the suitability and e ciency of potential natural enemies are essential for the integration of results at di erent geographical extents and crops. Selecting functional counterparts such as di erent species of predators occurring at di erent locations that use the same prey (e.g., a pest) in the same way (e.g., hunting strategy) would facilitate developing biological control schemes. ; This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement N. 727987 "Xylella fastidiosa Active Containment Through a multidisciplinary-Oriented Research Strategy XF-ACTORS", the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Science under the RETOS programme grant AGL2017-89604R and strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2019 – CIMO, funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion