The conceptual bases and interpretation of data for stabilisation purposes
In: New Zealand economic papers, Volume 5, Issue 1, p. 18-64
ISSN: 1943-4863
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In: New Zealand economic papers, Volume 5, Issue 1, p. 18-64
ISSN: 1943-4863
In: European Work & Organizational Psychologist, Volume 2, Issue 1, p. 33-51
ISSN: 1464-0643
In: Wildlife research, Volume 31, Issue 6, p. 569
ISSN: 1448-5494, 1035-3712
This paper presents the results of a study of the use of den trees by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in five patches of remnant eucalypt forest embedded within an extensive radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation near Tumut in south-eastern Australia. Radio-tracking was used to identify 171 den trees occupied by 40 animals over 948 animal-tracking days between September 1997 and September 1998. All radio-tracked P. volans used multiple den trees. Males used significantly more den trees than females and a greater proportion of these were used for single visits. Males also used fewer new den trees over the study period in the smaller patches, although they still used more than females. In the larger patches, males and females used similar numbers of den trees.
Commonly used den trees tended to be situated in (or close to) core areas of an individual's home range. Den tree sharing, either concurrently or independently, was predominantly between adult males and females, or between adults and their young. Trees most likely to be used by more than one individual had the same characteristics as trees that had the highest probability of use per se – that is, they were of large 'average size'.
In: Wildlife research, Volume 31, Issue 6, p. 579
ISSN: 1448-5494, 1035-3712
Night-time use of feed trees by 40 radio-collared individuals of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) was recorded within five remnant patches of eucalypt forest near Tumut in south-eastern Australia. Radio-collared animals were observed making 663 night-time visits to 433 trees. For these observations, we recorded the number of visits by an animal to each tree, the number of different animals using each tree, the characteristics of trees that animals used, and the category of activity or behaviour displayed by animals (classified as feeding, perching, and moving).
We found no evidence of a significant difference in patterns of behaviour between male and female P. volans in their night-time use of trees within remnant patches, regardless of patch size or population density. There were few records of animals (4%) from the radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation that surrounded the eucalypt remnants, although 20 observations were made of P. volans feeding on the young male cones and buds of this introduced tree species. There was evidence of preference for feeding in ribbon gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), mountain gum (E. dalrympleana) and narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata), with 72% of feeding observations of P. volans coming from these three tree species. Animals were generally solitary and spent most of the night feeding and perching in the upper canopy. Most trees were used by a single individual, with 96% of observations being of a single animal in a tree. The limited number of cases of sharing and co-use of trees were generally between an adult male and adult female (assumed mates), and females and their young. The probability that a tree was used increased with the average size of a tree (a composite measure of diameter, height and crown features) until approaching an asymptote of 1.0, i.e. all large trees were used. The number of visits a tree received from P. volans also was positively related to the measure of its size.
In: Wildlife research, Volume 31, Issue 6, p. 559
ISSN: 1448-5494, 1035-3712
This paper examines home-range attributes of 40 greater gliders (Petauroides volans) in five patches of remnant eucalypt forest surrounded by stands of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) near Tumut in south-eastern Australia. Fixed-kernel smoothing methods were used to estimate home-range size for P. volans. For males, home-range size varied from 1.38–4.10 ha (mean = 2.6 ± 0.8 ha, n = 12) and was significantly larger (P < 0.05) than for females (1.26–2.97 ha, mean = 2.0 ± 0.6 ha, n = 11). Home-range size increased significantly with increasing patch size and reduced patch population density. Thus, small patches had more animals per unit area with smaller home ranges and greater home-range overlap.
Our findings illustrate flexibility in the use of space by P. volans. Such results have not previously been reported for P. volans or any other species of arboreal marsupial. Considerable home-range overlap (at 95th percentile isopleth level) was observed between male and female P. volans. Pairs of females also exhibited home-range overlap. Males tended to maintain home ranges exclusive of other males, although some shared common areas. Contrary to the large variations observed in home-range area, core areas (50th isopleth) remained relatively constant, regardless of patch size, population density or sex. This may indicate that core areas are an essential requirement for individuals and resources they contain cannot be shared with congeners.
In: Wildlife research, Volume 28, Issue 1, p. 105
ISSN: 1448-5494, 1035-3712
The efficacy of spotlighting as a field survey technique for detecting the
greater glider (Petauroides volans) was assessed by
comparing the precise location of radio-tracked animals with locations
determined simultaneously from spotlighting searches. Radio-collars were
fitted to 20 greater gliders in three eucalypt patches embedded within an
extensive radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation near
Tumut in south-eastern New South Wales. Our success rate for detecting
collared animals was low, even when survey effort was increased. These
findings suggest that spotlighting underestimates actual population size. A
further, properly designed study, in different forest types is needed to
provide precise estimates of the magnitude of the bias in counts of
P. volans obtained by spotlighting.
In: Wildlife research, Volume 26, Issue 6, p. 745
ISSN: 1448-5494, 1035-3712
We compare detection rates of different species of mammals by three types of
hairtubes in both the mountain ash forests of the central highlands of
Victoria and a range of wet forest types at Tumut in southern New South Wales.
The types of hairtubes were a small-diameter PVC pipe, a large-diameter PVC
pipe and a newly constructed tapered hair funnel. Data were analysed for brown
antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), bush rat
(Rattus fuscipes), common wombat
(Vombatus ursinus), swamp wallaby
(Wallabia bicolor) and common and mountain brushtail
possums (Trichosurus vulpecula and
T. caninus). The most effective hairtube type (i.e. the
one yielding the highest number of detections) varied between species: small
hairtubes forR. fuscipes, hair funnels for
Trichosurus spp., and large hairtubes for
V. ursinus and W. bicolor. For
A. stuartii, the most effective hairtube type differed
between the two study regions (hair funnels in Victoria and small hairtubes at
Tumut). Detection by more than one hairtube type at a given plot was uncommon.
Our findings have important implications for field surveys and how data
gathered from such studies are interpreted. For example, if the aim of field
survey is to detect a wide range of species then several types of hairtubes
may need to be deployed.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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