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Latin American studies in Germany from the 1960s on developed in two waves with (partial) crises and periods of stagnation in between. Whereas in the communist GDR they were affected by the limited scope of academic endeavors and their instrumentalization for state and party politics and policies, in the Federal Republic interdisciplinary Latin American studies had two tiers (within the universities and outside as independent research institutes) and were shaped by the particular structure of funding schemes and agencies and by "triggers" such as the Cuban Revolution, the Chilean coup, the arrival of exiles, and the presence of the Latin American revolutionary experience in the debates of the West German student movement after 1968. While many of the West German features were shared with other Western countries, significant differences emerged because of Germany's short colonial tradition, the Cold War rivalry between the Federal Republic and the GDR, and the fact that political foundations such as the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation played a key role not only in designing and implementing government-financed development aid projects in Latin America but also in helping to promote and shape a new takeoff for Latin American studies (a uniquely German constellation). A partir de la década de 1960, los estudios alemanes sobre Latinoamérica se desarrollaron en dos oleadas, con crisis (parciales) y períodos de estancamiento en el proceso. En la RDA comunista, la investigación se vio afectada por el alcance limitado de los esfuerzos académicos y su instrumentalización para políticas estatales y partidarias. En la República Federal, los estudios interdisciplinarios latinoamericanos se desarrollaron en dos ámbitos (universidades además de lugares externos como institutos de investigación independientes) y obedeciendo a estructuras y agencias de financiamiento particulares, así como "factores detonantes" (por ejemplo, la Revolución Cubana, el golpe de estado en Chile, la llegada de exiliados y la presencia de la experiencia revolucionaria latinoamericana en los debates del movimiento estudiantil de Alemania Occidental después de 1968). Mientras que muchas de las características de la República Federal eran compartidas por otros países occidentales, surgieron diferencias significativas a partir de la corta tradición colonial alemana, la rivalidad entre la República Federal y la RDA durante la Guerra Fría, y el hecho de que patronatos políticos como la Fundación Konrad Adenauer y la Fundación Friedrich Ebert desempeñaron un papel clave no solo en el diseño e implementación de proyectos gubernamentales de ayuda al desarrollo en Latinoamérica, sino también en promover y encaminar los estudios latinoamericanos (en una constelación exclusivamente alemana).

Les économistes comme les spécialistes de sciences sociales semblent largement s'accorder sur le fait que le capitalisme industriel est entré à un moment donné dans une phase avancée de son développement, tout particulièrement dans ses variantes que l'on observe en Europe de l'Ouest, en Amérique du Nord et au Japon. Que le capitalisme se situe encore à cette étape, ou qu'il l'ait entre-temps déjà dépassée et laissée à nouveau derrière lui, il se différencie à tout le moins de la phase antérieure (ou bien des phases antérieures), à laquelle on peut rattacher le début d'une première industrialisation et l'avènement de l'industrialisation massive (Hochindustrialisierung). .

This article attempts to outline, in a brief summary, the outstanding features of the longue dur trajectories of the movements, concepts, alliances and politics of Catalan nationalism and their functions for Catalan and Spanish politics through the last century-and-a-half. It tries to characterise the basic lines of the social background, the interests, programme and ideology of the Catalan nationalists, and to look into their achievements and limitations, their internal cleavages and divisions, and their (possible or impossible) alliances with Spanish political forces, and with one another. Particular attention is given to processes of change and to the respective thresholds involved, but also to a significant number of continuities through the various stages of Catalanism and Catalan nationalism from its beginning to the present. Among the continuities can be found divided actors (and rivalries), the long dominance of party politics and pacts (pactisme), and the insistence on self-determination. The most important changes are reflected in an overall movement, over time, from regionalism to autonomism to separatism, usually mixed with characteristic elements of federalism, and notwithstanding the existence of overlapping, parallel and hybrid strategies. The article finishes with an outlook to the threats and models for the 21st century.