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International audience ; José Domingo Díaz es un médico nacido y formado intelectualmente en Caracas. En 1800 ya practicaba la medicina activa y se interesó por la salud pública. Con los primeros acontecimientos políticos y militares de 1808 se posiciona activamente en el bando realista lo que le supuso el exilio de Caracas en 1820 y el desprecio de sus contemporáneos y de los historiadores venezolanos. Pretendemos rescatar del olvido su figura y reconocer su actividad científica y sanitaria en los convulsos años de la independencia de América.

The Royal Vaccination Expedition, directed by the physicians Francisco Xavier Balmis and José Salvany, was the most important scientific and medical achievement of the Spanish colonial era. It took place at a time of political restlessness, and its achievements were thus conditioned by each of the cultures into which the vaccine was introduced. As its legacy, the philantropic expedition left the Vaccination Boards, established in the Americas as centers of medical expertise to sustain the expedition´s principal objetive: the battle against the smallpox epidemics in pursuit of public health. ; La Expedición de la Vacuna, dirigida por los médicos Francisco Xavier Balmis y José Salvany, es la gesta científica y sanitaria más importante de época colonial. Su desarrollo tuvo lugar en un momento político convulso y los resultados estuvieron condicionados por las sociedades donde la vacuna se estableció. El legado de esta expedición filantrópica fue la creación de las Juntas de Vacuna. Estas instituciones se erigieron como centros creadores de saber médico en América y consolidaron el objetivo primario de la expedición: la búsqueda de la salud pública luchando contra las epidemias de viruela.

The strategic use of media is a common approach to promote health. A large body of evidence identifies specific features that increase message efficacy, including tailoring messages to the target audience and using a storytelling format. Yet most message testing research has focused on individual-level outcomes, ignoring the social and environmental determinants of health behaviors, which require collective action and political will to change. Grounded in an ecological approach to communication, we will carry out two double-blinded randomized experiments to test the relative effectiveness of message tailoring (culturally-tailored vs. standard) and format (narrative vs. didactic) to increase the intention to reduce individual sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, the understanding of social and commercial determinants of health, and the sense of empowerment among young adult Latinas. Based on power analyses (80% power at alpha = 0.05), we will randomize 438 participants to two groups (traditional standard infographic and culturally-tailored infographic) in the first study, and 662 participants to two groups (culturally-tailored infographic and culturally-tailored comic book) in the second study. All participants will be measured by a pre-treatment test and an immediate post-treatment test. We hypothesize that culturally-tailored comic book will be most effective, and traditional standard infographic will be least effective, on all levels of outcomes. This study will provide empirical evidence in communication strategies to help young Latinos or other racial/ethnic minority young people to pursue positive dietary behaviors that both benefit themselves and contribute to change of social norms.

Purpose California's failed attempts to enact a statewide sugary beverage tax presents an opportunity to advance understanding of advocacy coalition behavior. We investigate the participation of advocacy coalitions in California's statewide sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax policy debate. Design Document analysis of legislative bills and newspaper articles collected in 2019. Setting California. Method A total of 11 SSB tax-related bills were introduced in California's legislature between 2001-2018 according to the state's legislative website. Data sources include legislative bill documents (n = 94) and newspaper articles (n = 138). Guided by the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), we identify advocacy coalitions involved in California's SSB tax debate and explore strategies and arguments used to advance each coalitions' position. Results Two coalitions (public health, food/beverage industry) were involved in California's statewide SSB tax policy debate. The public health coalition had higher member participation and referred to scientific research evidence while the industry coalition used preemption and financial resources as primary advocacy strategies. The public health coalition frequently presented messaging on the health consequences and financial benefits of SSB taxes. The industry coalition responded by focusing on the potential negative economic impact of a tax. Conclusion Multiple attempts to enact a statewide SSB tax in California have failed. Our findings add insight into the challenges of enacting an SSB tax considering industry interference. Results can inform future efforts to pass evidence-based nutrition policies.

ObjectivesTo examine news coverage of Mexico's front-of-package food labelling policy.MethodsWe used Lexis Nexis to identify newspaper articles that mention the proposed law in four Mexican newspapers representing politically centre-left and centre-right perspectives. We coded for type and valence of arguments, sources and research evidence cited.ResultsWe identified N=361 relevant articles. Coverage of the front-of-package food label policy was primarily news (vs editorial/opinion). While most were neutral in tone, left-leaning newspapers had slightly more positive overall coverage compared with right-leaning newspapers, indicated by publishing more stories in favour of the policy, fewer in opposition, more propolicy arguments and more frequent inclusion of perspectives by government officials and public health advocates. Despite some evidence of bias, there was a general lack of credible opposition to the policy and mention of opponents across newspapers.Conclusions and policy implicationsThe relative absence of food and beverage industry stakeholders in news coverage of the food label policy is unexpected given their documented involvement in prior food policy debates. We discuss possible reasons for their conspicuous absence and lessons for public health advocates around the globe.

Purpose To determine potential unique factors influencing cigarette and e-cigarette use in US Latino youth. Approach We conducted a qualitative study assessing cigarette and e-cigarette perceptions and experiences, including experiences with/perceptions of the products, cultural influences and influences of friends and family. Setting Four online discussion boards, conducted in October 2020. Participants 92 Latino youth aged 15-21 years living in the US. Method Data from the discussion groups were coded and analyzed by three trained coders using a thematic analysis approach. Results Stress relief emerged as the dominant theme connected with both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Apart from stress, perceptions of and experiences with the products differed. E-cigarettes were commonly viewed as trendy and cool and participants often reported using them due to curiosity and popularity. Participants commonly compared e-cigarettes to cigarettes, noting benefits of e-cigarettes. Participants also noted more negative short and long-term health effects of cigarette use, and discussed generational differences between the two products. Conclusion Findings from this study help address a dearth of research examining tobacco use among diverse groups of Latino youth. Findings indicate that despite differences in country of heritage, Latino youth are united by similar opinions about cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Additionally, they share cultural values and experiences which could be leveraged for tobacco control communications that cut across populations of Latino youth.

Purpose:To test for racial/ethnic differences in perceived argument strength in favor of structural interventions to curb childhood obesity among lower-income parents of young children.Design:Cross-sectional, self-report.Setting:Online research panel, national sample of 1485 US adults in Fall 2019.Participants:Parents of children (age 0-5 years) with an annual income <$40,000, stratified by White, Black and/or Latinx race/ethnicity.Measures:SSB consumption, policy support, and strength of arguments in favor of marketing restrictions and a penny-per-ounce tax.Analysis:Descriptive statistics, multivariable OLS models.Results:Race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of the perceived strength of a composite of marketing arguments (pBlack= 0.07; pLatinx= 0.10), however it was a significant predictor of the perceived strength of tax arguments (pBlack= 0.01; pLatinx= 0.01). Perceptions of strength of 12 of 35 discrete SSB tax arguments differed by race/ethnicity (p < .05). Arguments regarding industry targeting of Black children (marketing: pBlack< .001; pLatinx= .001; tax: pBlack< .001; pLatinx= .001), were particularly demonstrative of this difference. In contrast, arguments that these policies would provide support for parents (marketing: pBlack= 0.20; pLatinx= 0.84) and communities (tax: pBlack= 0.24; pLatinx= 0.58) were seen as strong arguments across groups.Conclusions:Black and Hispanic/Latinx parents may be more prepared to move toward SSB policy support than white parents. Emphasizing community benefits of policy may be effective in moving constituents toward policy support across groups.