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RESUMO O principal objetivo deste artigo é analisar os resultados da gestão da política fiscal no Brasil no período entre 1994 e 1999. A ideia central do texto é que não houve mudança significativa na gestão fiscal durante o período, mesmo considerando as programa de ajuste sob o acordo do FMI. A ênfase da política tem sido a abordagem de curto prazo, baseada no aumento das receitas fiscais como forma de evitar a deterioração dos déficits primários. Por outro lado, as reformas estruturais necessárias para apoiar o ajuste fiscal foram adiadas continuamente.

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the results of fiscal policy management in Brazil during the period between 1994 and 1999. The central idea of the text is that there was no significant change in the fiscal management during the period, even considering the fiscal adjustment program under the IMF arrangement. The policy's emphasis has been the short run approach, based on the raising of the fiscal revenues as a way to avoid primary deficits deterioration. In contrast, the structural reforms necessary to support the fiscal adjustment have been continuously postponed. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

O processo de seleção de área para aterros sanitários pode ser realizado com uma Análise Multicritério de Decisão (MCDA) em um ambiente SIG. No entanto, as variáveis ambientais precisam ser modeladas adequadamente antes que qualquer MCDA seja realizada. Uma maneira de fazer isso é integrar o MCDA com a Inferência Fuzzy. Ainda assim, até onde sabemos, essa estratégia não foi avaliada na seleção de áreas para aterros do consórcio. Aqui, propomos uma nova estrutura para selecionar áreas de aterro sanitário de consórcio, integrando MCDA e lógica Fuzzy com características ambientais e socioeconômicas em ambiente GIS. Para isso, consideramos múltiplos níveis de adequação socioambiental para atender um grande e pequeno número de cidades em um período de 20 anos. Uma região do interior de São Paulo, Brasil, com 32 municípios foi selecionada como área de estudo e o método da Combinação Linear Ponderada (WLC) foi aplicado para combinar variáveis ambientais e socioeconômicas. Os pesos foram determinados utilizando o Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) e a lógica Fuzzy foi aplicada para modelar as variáveis. Nossa abordagem foi capaz de identificar áreas com níveis satisfatórios de adequação a aterros sanitários, atendendo a um grande e pequeno número de municípios, minimizando os impactos socioambientais. Essa abordagem é importante porque pode ajudar a direcionar as entidades governamentais para uma seleção apropriada de uma área dentro de suas fronteiras regionais. Também recomendamos o método proposto para outras regiões e locais. A new strategy to define consortium sanitary landfill siting location based on multicriteria analysis A B S T R A C TThe area selection process for sanitary landfills can be performed with a Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) in a GIS-environment. However, environmental variables need to be properly model before any MCDA is performed. One manner to perform this is to integrate MCDA with Fuzzy Inference. Still, to the best of our knowledge, this strategy was not evaluated in the selection of areas for consortium landfills. Here, we propose a new framework to select consortium landfill areas by integrating MCDA and Fuzzy logic with environmental and socioeconomic features in GIS environment. For this, we considered multiple levels of social-environmental suitability to attend a large and a small number of cities in a 20-years period. A region in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil, with 32 municipalities was selected as study area and the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method was applied to combine environmental and socioeconomic variables. Weights were determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy logic was applied to model the variables. Our approach was able to identify areas with satisfactory suitability levels for landfills, both serving a large and a small number of municipalities while minimizing social-environmental impacts. This approach is important as it may help directs governmental entities to a appropriate selection of an area within their regional boundaries. We also recommend the proposed method for other regions and locations.Keywords: Analytical Hierarchy Process, Environmental Impact, Fuzzy Logic, Solid Waste.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) ; Intramural Research Program of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH ; Processo FAPESP: 2016/16465-0 ; Syphilis is a Sexually Transmitted Infection (IST) with significant importance to public health, due to its impact during pregnancy (Gestational SyphilisGS); especially because syphilis can affect fetus and neonates' development (mother-to-child transmissionMTCT of syphilis), by increasing susceptibility to abortion, premature birth, skeletal malformations, meningitis and pneumonia. Measures to control and eliminate MTCT of syphilis have failed on the last few years in Brazil and this research aimed to identify the seasonality of notified cases of syphilis in a region of SAo Paulo state. The studied region, Pontal do Paranapanema, comprises 32 cities located in the West of SAo Paulo state, in Brazil. Data collected from the National System of Aggravations and Notification (SINAN) website was used to calculate the incidence rate of GS and MTCT. The incidence rate of GS was acquired dividing number of cases by number of women in each municipality and MTCT using number of live births in each year (from 2007 to 2013) in each municipality. This result was then, standardized multiplying incidence rate by 10,000 and expressed as incidence/10,000 women or live births, for GS and MTCT, respectively. To identify possible endemic/epidemic periods, a control diagram was performed using the standard deviation (SD) of incidence rate. Thematic maps representing the spatial distribution of incidence rates were constructed using a Geographic Information System software (GIS, based on cartographic vector available on the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) website. Eighty cases of GS and 61 cases of MTCT were notified in the studied region. An increase of GS notification was detected in the Pontal do Paranapanema in 2011 followed by an increase in number of MTCT cases in the subsequent year, suggesting inefficacy in the treatment during gestational period. Most of those cases were reported on February and November which suggested seasonality for this IST in the region. The control diagram, based on the inputs collected from SINAN, showed no endemic period; however, the most susceptible month to happen an endemic event of GS and MTCT was February. Our study provided a new methodology to understand the syphilis dynamics as a potential tool to improve the success of future measures to control and possibly eliminate MTCT of syphilis. Author summary Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can be transmitted to child during pregnancy, or postpartum, by an infected mother. Syphilis in children can interfere in the development and, in some cases, may lead to death. We analyzed cases of syphilis during pregnancy and mother-to-child transmission of syphilis from 2007 to 2013 occurred in a Brazilian region. We used a public online website provided by the Brazilian government to obtain information about cases, generate map locations and design a transmission pattern in the region. During the period investigated, we identified 80 cases of syphilis in pregnant woman and 61 related to mother-to-child transmission, both notified mainly during Summer (from November to February). Children infection might be related to incorrect treatment of mother and the partner. Not only the mother must be treated but the partner as well, otherwise women may be infected during pregnancy, transmitting syphilis to fetus. This study may help in the establishment of measures to control and eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.