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This study is intended to analyze the persistence of African American stereotype in the contemporary slavery-themed novel authored by Valerie Martin, Property (2003). Valerie Martin is a white author, who seems to have changed the slavery discourse, but the stereotyping of African Americans is still there and built in a new form of stereotyping. Postcolonial analysis showed that the stereotyping of African Americansas 'other' existed in direct stereotyping and indirect stereotyping. Direct stereotyping is that the author directly uses the pejorative language and symbols in forming the African American character, meanwhile indirect stereotyping is the author using the shift of discourse that seemed worthy in describing the African American character, but in the same time it affirms the stereotype of the African American identity as inferior still exists, even in the so-called Post-racial era in the United States. Keywords: Representation, Stereotyping, Identity, Race, African American

Since capitalism-patriarchy is viewed as the specter of the problem of the emergence of injustice, it has been raising efforts to realize social justice and environmental sustainability through restructuring of the human mindset towards nature and fellow humans. The principle of capitalism-patriarchy has led to a culture of death and destruction because it is characterized by domination, power, exploitation, and environmental damage. This research sought to describe the criticism of patriarchal-capitalism and the subsistence perspective shown in the novel Aroma Karsa written by Dewi Lestari. Through ecofeminism proposed by Vandana Shiva and Mies, this study found that the power of the capitalist-patriarchal was represented through male figures such as; Jati Wesi, Khalil, and Ferdi, who utilize nature and parts of women's bodies for financial interests and sexual desires through the production of the most expensive perfume, make certain plant species endangered and oppressed. Their cultivation efforts cannot be separated from profit orientation. The perspective of subsistence is then carried out by women characters to preserve, protect, and utilize natural resources as needed out of exaggeration. It is illustrated through female figures; Janirah, Raras, and Tanaya Suma who tried to stem the power and domination of men over nature and women's bodies for the benefit of capital. The subsistence perspective in the novel Aroma Karsa by Dewi Lestari emphasizes the preservation and protection of nature for the sake of mutual needs and comfort, and it is women who understand more about nature more than men.

Langston Hughes is a black American poet who strived to express the experiences of Black in the United States. One of his poem is Fredom Plow which utilized through lots symbols that refered to the problem of discrimination and the vision of American as a nation. This study is aimed to analyze the expression of Black American expression in Freedom's Plow poem. This study used semiotics approach in analyzing research data by adopting model proposed by C.S Pierce. There are three types of signs based on the relationship between the sign and the signified, namely; Icons, Index, and symbols. Based on the semiotics frameworks, this study found that Langston Hughes harneses the signs to express (1) preserverance of black to get freedom, (2) expossing the contradiction of American democracy, and (3) the expression of togetherness and unity