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"From 1949 to 1978, communist elites held clashing visions of China's economic development. Mao Zedong advocated the "first way" of semi-autarchy characteristic of revolutionary Stalinism (1929-34), while Zhou Enlai adapted bureaucratic Stalinism (1934-53) to promote the "second way" of import substitution industrialization. A Third Way tells the story of Deng Xiaoping's experimentation with export-led development inspired by Lenin's New Economic Policy and the economic reforms of Eastern Europe and Asia. Having uncovered an extraordinary collection of internal party and government documents, Lawrence Reardon meticulously traces the evolution of the coastal development strategy, starting with special economic zones in 1979 and evolving into the fourteen open coastal cities, the Hainan SEZ, and eventual accession to the global trade regime in 2001. Reardon details how Deng and Zhao Ziyang tackled large-scale smuggling operations, compromised with Chen Yun's conservative views, and overcame Deng Liqun's ideological opposition. Although Zhao Ziyang was airbrushed out of official Chinese history after June 4, 1989, Reardon argues that Zhao was the true architect of China's opening strategy. A Third Way provides important new insights about the crucial period of the 1980s and how it paved the way for China's transformation into a global economic superpower"--

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. The Domestic Determinants of Chinese Foreign Economic Policy -- 2. Antinomies of Chinese Development, 1949-1958 -- 3. Neomercantilism versus Self-Sufficiency, 1959-1966 -- 4. Chaos and the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1971 -- 5. Resurrecting the Four Modernizations, 1971-1974 -- 6. The Abbreviated Leftist Response, 1974-1976 -- 7. The Great Leap Outward, 1977-1979 -- 8. Conclusion -- Appendix A. Note on Chinese Sources -- Appendix B. CCP Central Committee and State Council Emergency Directive, 26 October 1959 -- Appendix C. CCP Central Committee Approval of Export Commodity Production Base Establishment, 30 June 1960 -- Appendix D. CCP Central Committee Emergency Directive on Foreign Trade, 10 August 1960 -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

"Religious Regulation in Autocracies" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Religious Traditions in Politics: Catholicism" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Religious Regulation in China" published on by Oxford University Press.

During the 1980s, Chinese policy elites underwent a process of complex learning in economic policy that resulted in a shift from a revolutionary to a techno-economic paradigm that greatly reduced the control of the Chinese Communist Party over the economy. Spillover from the sectoral paradigm shift affected other policy sectors, which forced policy elites to experiment with religious policies that would complement the new economic paradigm. This experimentation fostered the growth of a civil society that could assume the social responsibilities cast off by the reforming state-owned enterprises. However, the experimentation also empowered distributional coalitions such as the Falungong, which threatened the party's control. Policy elites thus implemented adaptations of religious policies formulated under the revolutionary paradigm. The study concludes that the current conflict between the Vatican and Beijing resembles an iterated prisoner's dilemma and that the conflict will continue until Chinese policy elites realize that the failure of religious policy adaptations threaten the long-term goals of the techno-economic paradigm. (JCCA/GIGA)