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Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Oldest Old Population in the European Union -- 1.2 This Book's Objectives -- 2 Methodological Note -- 2.1 Measures of Exceptional Human Longevity -- 2.2 Database Sources, Concepts/Measures, and Statistical Analyses -- 3 Profiling European Centenarians -- 3.1 The Increasing Number of (Super) Centenarians -- 3.2 The Feminization of Exceptional Longevity -- 3.3 The Diversity of Educational Attainment -- 3.4 Urbanized Centenarians? -- 3.5 A Population of Expected Widows -- 3.6 Living Mostly at Home -- 3.7 The Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases in Mortality -- 4 Centenarian Studies Across Europe -- 4.1 Ongoing International Collaboration Initiatives -- 4.2 Overview of European Studies on Centenarians -- 5 Final Remarks -- References.

Purpose
The aim of this scoping review is to describe the published gerotranscendence interventions targeting older adults' caregivers and their outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
Six databases were searched, and three studies were selected for analysis: one short-term quasi-experimental study and two observational studies.

Findings
The interventions consisted in an instructional moment about the gerotranscendence theory and a moment for sharing personal perceptions.

Originality/value
Gerotranscendence interventions can be essential for the caregivers to have a better relationship with the older adults, as they could improve their perception on their needs. Even though the interventions presented promising results benefiting caregivers and older adults, none of the studies confirmed that these changes persisted in the long term and additional studies are needed to robustly investigate this subject.

Purpose
Older adults often experience loneliness as a vicious circle, in which loneliness builds more loneliness. Breaking this cycle is key to minimize the experience of loneliness. MOAI LABS is a European project that adopts a codesign process to develop digital solutions to address loneliness in older adults. This study aims to adopt a solution-based approach to capture solutions that community-dwelling older Portuguese adults who feel loneliness already experience in their lives.

Design/methodology/approach
Six individuals (aged 64–86 years) answered two solution-based questions: miracle and exceptions. Findings were obtained from one group discussion session that was audio-recorded, transcribed and submitted to qualitative analysis.

Findings
Main findings suggest that participants feel comfort in imagining their desired scenarios that involve being with their loved ones, better health conditions, adequate housing settings and contact with nature.

Originality/value
The findings highlight that leaving loneliness alone seems to be a path that may be facilitated by digital solutions that display solution-based questions, such as online platforms for social connection, virtual care and monitoring, design of smart home devices and the creation of immersive virtual reality experiences to explore nature, complemented by psychosocial support.

Purpose
Psychological elder abuse (PEA) assessment is described with different thresholds. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the prevalence of PEA and the phenomenon's characterisation varied using two different thresholds.


Design/methodology/approach
Participants from the cross-sectional population-based study, Aging and Violence (n=1,123), answered three questions regarding PEA. The less strict measure considered PEA as a positive response to any of the three evaluated behaviours. The stricter measure comprised the occurrence, for more than ten times, of one or more behaviours. A multinomial regression compared cases from the two measures with non-victims.


Findings
Results show different prevalence rates and identified perpetrators. The two most prevalent behaviours (ignoring/refusing to speak and verbal aggression) occurred more frequently (>10 times). Prevalence nearly tripled for "threatening" from the stricter measure (>10 times) to the less strict (one to ten times). More similarities, rather than differences, were found between cases of the two measures. The cohabiting variable differentiated the PEA cases from the two measures; victims reporting abuse >10 times were more likely to be living with a spouse or with a spouse and children.


Research limitations/implications
Development of a valid and reliable measure for PEA that includes different ranges is needed.


Originality/value
The study exemplifies how operational definitions can impact empirical evidence and the need for researchers to analyse the effect of the definitional criteria on their outcomes, since dichotomization between victim and non-victim affects the phenomenon characterisation.