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According to the author, the Japanese government is not responsible for most of the invisible barriers to imports from other countries. Dismal American performance in the Japanese marketplace. Japanese inclination to see the world bifurcated into "Japanese" and "outsiders". This attitude and the social ties that bind the Japanese together as very real, ubiquitous barriers to foreign participation in the Japanese economy. (DÜI-Sen)

Many Japanese companies train their new employees according to a philosophy of "spiritualism," a set of ideas about human psychology and character development that inspired much of the country's pre‐war education. "Spiritualism's" debts to the Zen, Confucian and samurai traditions are quite apparent. It emphasizes social cooperation and responsibility, an acceptance of reality, and perseverance. Its educational methods emphasize specially constructed training experiences. As a case study in the anthropology of education, Japanese company spiritual education points to the value of (1) studying educational processes outside formal school systems; (2) considering native concepts of psychology in analyzing educational processes; (3) finding relationships between educational techniques and techniques found in religious conversion, psychological therapy, and social initiation; and (4) discovering avenues of education that proceed by non‐verbal means.