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Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the aspects of demographic transition in 2nd municipal district of Tehran (representative of life from average up to high level) and 18nd(representative of life fromaverage tolower level) in Tehran. This study iscross-survey in nature of purpose and application and the method of data collectionis fieldstudy. Thestatisticalpopulation consisted of 384 married women in Tehran (zone 2 and zone 18) chosen by simple random sampling method Reliability was measured by formal validity and the method of Cronbach's alpha was used To evaluate the Validity andits amount for all variables (both independent and interdependent) has been accepted.the findings revealed that the 2 nd district experienced the demographic transition sooneras the 18nd district has started this process but with a slow rate in comparison with 2 nd district population ,In other words both 2 nd and 18nd district entered a transitional stage from mandatory components of marriage and willingness to divorce aspects while the differences are in the rate and the speed of process activating and the speed of the second demographic transition of components between the two regionso evident that If we can say that the 2 nd district has experienced second transition. Given the religious nature of the country and the lack of accurate statistics about the number of children from sexoutside of marriage, abortion and so on (which are signs of change in family structure as elements of the demographic transition) cannot properly analyze the main causes and factors of demographic transition , but a lower index of TFR under the succession in recent years as a sign of decline in births in the population pyramid, is important for researchers to carry out research in the field of demographictransition variables without official statistics and addressing local causes of this phenomenon in the country and help government and policymakers in planning based on the country'spopulation.Key words: fertility, the demographic transition, married women, 2 nd and 18 th municipality district in Tehran

Abstract. This study aimed to investigate the association between socio-economic status and population characteristics with demographic transition effects of Tehran. Using survey methods, questionnaire in 39 charts adjusted and were distributed among 384 married women with 5 years of marital life which selected by simple random sampling. Regression test results showed that 47% of the variance of the second demographic transition is explained by the independent variables in the equation and other remaining 53 percent were explained by variables that are out of this review. Path analysis test results also showed that the effect of socio-economic status with beta coefficient 0/645of ismore than all other variables, while the female literacy status variable by a factor of 0/395 has the lowest total effect. And among the research hypotheses, research on the relationship between demographic variables and second demographic transition, only the use of contraception and tend for divorce were not approved. Underlying assumptions results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the second demographic transition variables and the socio-economic status. and also between the second transition demographic variables and population variables, thereis an inverse and direct relationship. Therefore, it is suggested that main policy makers and the government put great attention to the issues of divorce and apply scientific experts in this field. Some actions like Life skills training, research .before marriage and…. can decrease the rate of divorce in our countryKeywords: second demographic transition effects, the components of socioeconomic status, demographic factors, married women, Tehran.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the aspects of demographic transition in 2nd municipal district of Tehran (representative of life from average up to high level) and 18nd(representative of life fromaverage tolower level) in Tehran. This study iscross-survey in nature of purpose and application and the method of data collectionis fieldstudy. Thestatisticalpopulation consisted of 384 married women in Tehran (zone 2 and zone 18) chosen by simple random sampling method Reliability was measured by formal validity and the method of Cronbach's alpha was used To evaluate the Validity andits amount for all variables (both independent and interdependent) has been accepted.the findings revealed that the 2 nd district experienced the demographic transition sooneras the 18nd district has started this process but with a slow rate in comparison with 2 nd district population ,In other words both 2 nd and 18nd district entered a transitional stage from mandatory components of marriage and willingness to divorce aspects while the differences are in the rate and the speed of process activating and the speed of the second demographic transition of components between the two regionso evident that If we can say that the 2 nd district has experienced second transition. Given the religious nature of the country and the lack of accurate statistics about the number of children from sexoutside of marriage, abortion and so on (which are signs of change in family structure as elements of the demographic transition) cannot properly analyze the main causes and factors of demographic transition , but a lower index of TFR under the succession in recent years as a sign of decline in births in the population pyramid, is important for researchers to carry out research in the field of demographictransition variables without official statistics and addressing local causes of this phenomenon in the country and help government and policymakers in planning based on the country'spopulation.Key words: fertility, the demographic transition, married women, 2 nd and 18 th municipality district in Tehran

Abstract. This study aimed to investigate the association between socio-economic status and population characteristics with demographic transition effects of Tehran. Using survey methods, questionnaire in 39 charts adjusted and were distributed among 384 married women with 5 years of marital life which selected by simple random sampling. Regression test results showed that 47% of the variance of the second demographic transition is explained by the independent variables in the equation and other remaining 53 percent were explained by variables that are out of this review. Path analysis test results also showed that the effect of socio-economic status with beta coefficient 0/645of ismore than all other variables, while the female literacy status variable by a factor of 0/395 has the lowest total effect. And among the research hypotheses, research on the relationship between demographic variables and second demographic transition, only the use of contraception and tend for divorce were not approved. Underlying assumptions results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the second demographic transition variables and the socio-economic status. and also between the second transition demographic variables and population variables, thereis an inverse and direct relationship. Therefore, it is suggested that main policy makers and the government put great attention to the issues of divorce and apply scientific experts in this field. Some actions like Life skills training, research .before marriage and…. can decrease the rate of divorce in our countryKeywords: second demographic transition effects, the components of socioeconomic status, demographic factors, married women, Tehran.

What organized crime is and how it can be prevented are two of the key questions in both organized crime research and criminal policy. However, despite many attempts, organized crime research, the criminal justice system and criminal policy have failed to provide a shared and recognized conceptual definition of organized crime, which has opened the door to political interpretations. Organized crime is presented as an objective reality—mostly based on anecdotal empirical evidence and generic descriptions—and has been understood, as being intrinsically different from social organization, and this has been a justification for treating organized crime conceptually separately. In this dissertation, the concept of organized crime is deconstructed and analyzed. Based on five studies and an introductory chapter, I argue that organized crime is an overarching concept based on an abstraction of different underlying concepts, such as gang, mafia, and network, which are in turn semi-overarching and overlapping abstractions of different crime phenomena, such as syndicates, street-gangs, and drug networks. This combination of a generic concept based on underlying concepts, which are themselves subject to similar conceptual difficulties, has given rise to a conceptual confusion surrounding the term and the concept of organized crime. The consequences of this conceptual confusion are not only an issue of semantics, but have implications for our understanding of the nature of criminal collaboration as well as both legal and policy consequences. By combining different observers, methods and empirical materials relating to dimensions of criminal collaboration, I illustrate the strong analogies that exist between forms of criminal collaboration and the theory of social organization. I argue in this dissertation that criminal organizing is not intrinsically different from social organizing. In fact, the dissertation illustrates the existence of strong analogies between patterns of criminal organizing and the elements of social organizations. But depending on time and context, some actions and forms of organizing are defined as criminal, and are then, intentionally or unintentionally, presumed to be intrinsically different from social organizing. Since the basis of my argument is that criminal organizing is not intrinsically different from social organizing, I advocate that the study of organized crime needs to return to the basic principles of social organization in order to understand the emergence of, and the underlying mechanism that gives rise to, the forms of criminal collaboration that we seek to explain. To this end, a new general analytical framework, "criminal organizing", that brings the different forms of criminal organizations and their dimensions together under a single analytical tool, is proposed as an example of how organizational sociology can advance organized crime research and clarify the chaotic concept of organized crime. ; At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Manuscript.

What organized crime is and how it can be prevented are two of the key questions in both organized crime research and criminal policy. However, despite many attempts, organized crime research, the criminal justice system and criminal policy have failed to provide a shared and recognized conceptual definition of organized crime, which has opened the door to political interpretations. Organized crime is presented as an objective reality—mostly based on anecdotal empirical evidence and generic descriptions—and has been understood, as being intrinsically different from social organization, and this has been a justification for treating organized crime conceptually separately. In this dissertation, the concept of organized crime is deconstructed and analyzed. Based on five studies and an introductory chapter, I argue that organized crime is an overarching concept based on an abstraction of different underlying concepts, such as gang, mafia, and network, which are in turn semi-overarching and overlapping abstractions of different crime phenomena, such as syndicates, street-gangs, and drug networks. This combination of a generic concept based on underlying concepts, which are themselves subject to similar conceptual difficulties, has given rise to a conceptual confusion surrounding the term and the concept of organized crime. The consequences of this conceptual confusion are not only an issue of semantics, but have implications for our understanding of the nature of criminal collaboration as well as both legal and policy consequences. By combining different observers, methods and empirical materials relating to dimensions of criminal collaboration, I illustrate the strong analogies that exist between forms of criminal collaboration and the theory of social organization. I argue in this dissertation that criminal organizing is not intrinsically different from social organizing. In fact, the dissertation illustrates the existence of strong analogies between patterns of criminal organizing and the elements of social organizations. But depending on time and context, some actions and forms of organizing are defined as criminal, and are then, intentionally or unintentionally, presumed to be intrinsically different from social organizing. Since the basis of my argument is that criminal organizing is not intrinsically different from social organizing, I advocate that the study of organized crime needs to return to the basic principles of social organization in order to understand the emergence of, and the underlying mechanism that gives rise to, the forms of criminal collaboration that we seek to explain. To this end, a new general analytical framework, "criminal organizing", that brings the different forms of criminal organizations and their dimensions together under a single analytical tool, is proposed as an example of how organizational sociology can advance organized crime research and clarify the chaotic concept of organized crime.

About the Author; Preface and acknowledgements; Glossary; Introduction; 1 The legacy of a revolution; 2 The reformers, the conservatives and the struggle for democracy; 3 Islamist modernists; 4 The relationship between Iran, Lebanon and Hezbollah; 5 The relationship between Iran and Iraq; 6 The relationship between Iran, Palestine and Hamas; 7 The relationship between Iran and Egypt; 8 The global context of Iranian state and society; Notes; References; Index.

What do we mean by semiotics and what is the role of semiotics in communication? How can we apply semiotics in literary works? Is that really possible? When we are talking about sign system there are so many questions that rush to our mind which are unanswered, this is because of our infinitesimal knowledge on semiotics and sign system. We have so many authors showing the power of words in their works and they highlighted those words in their masterpieces. So words play a great role in communication and transformation of information and they believe that each word belongs to a system which we call it sign system. In general this paper attempts to show semiotics in general; how, why and when it came into existence and we will apply this approach on a poem called "the raven" by Edgar Allan Poe

This book is based on field work in Iran and challenges the Orientalist discourse which dominates the majority of writings on women in Iran. Women's status in Iran is far more complex than is often...