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The article is devoted to the analysis of the creative heritage of Panteleimon Kulish in the context of modern realities. Scientific work of Panteleimon Kulish is extremely wide. It includes the general concept of Ukrainian culture and language, the problems of development of the Ukrainian nation, its mentality and historical mission. The proposed article deals, first of all, with the problem of personal orientation of the author related to the "internal" and "external" in human, in his mind and heart. Panteleimon Kulish was not a single researcher who drew attention to the mental feature of Ukrainians in the juxtaposition of heart and mind, feelings and logic. The mental character of such a struggle continues in the opposition to the "city" and "countryside" as an embodiment respectively of civilization and culture. The culture appears for P. Kulish to be something sacred, ancestral and spiritual, which, in fact, creates an inner person. It is argued that in a certain sense the orientation of the movement of civilization and culture is diametrically opposed. Since civilization tends to unify and standardize, culture focused on spiritual potentials, tends towards individuality and uniqueness. Globalization, as a civilization movement leads to integration of the processes and the transformation of national culture towards its unification. The main idea of Kulish reflections during his whole life was an attempt to preserve the national identity of the Ukrainian people, their language and culture, customs and traditions and, at the same time, to involve Ukrainians into the European community. Therefore, the fears of Panteleimon Kulish, concerning civilization pressure on the national culture have undeniable reasons. Finally, the author of the article turns to Kulish thoughts about the problem of the personality of human, his destiny, his national way of life, and also the problems of self-knowledge.