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"This book examines and systematises the theoretical dimensions of paradiplomacy - the role of subnational governments in international relations. Throughout the world, subnational governments play an active role in international relations by participating in international trade, cultural missions and diplomatic relations with foreign powers. These governments, including states in the USA and landers in Germany, can sometimes even challenge the official foreign policy of their national government. These activities, which are regularly promoting the subnational government's interests, have been labelled as 'paradiplomacy'. Through a systematisation of the different approaches in understanding constituent diplomacy, the author constructs an integrative theoretical explanatory framework to guide research on regional governments' involvement in international affairs. The framework is based on a multiple-response questionnaire technique (MRQ) which provides the matrix of possible answers on a set of key questions for paradiplomacy scholarship. This comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of paradiplomacy sheds light on the development of federalism and multi-level governance in a new global environment and contributes to the debates on the issue of 'actorness' in contemporary international affairs. This book will be of much interest to students of diplomacy, federalism, governance, foreign policy and IR, as well as practitioners of diplomacy"--

This book examines and systematises the theoretical dimensions of paradiplomacy - the role of subnational governments in international relations. Throughout the world, subnational governments play an active role in international relations by participating in international trade, cultural missions and diplomatic relations with foreign powers. These governments, including states in the USA and landers in Germany, can sometimes even challenge the official foreign policy of their national government. These activities, which are regularly promoting the subnational government's interests, have been.

The purpose of this article is to show how a coordination of interests in education occurs based on trust. Trust in sociology of education is usually understood as an indicator or a foundation of social consensus. In the latter case, researchers focus on the essential characteristics of trust (transparency, openness, etc.). However, such an understanding only fixates a certain state of interaction, or just prepares the ground for it. In this text, the focus is on ways or strategies of trust. They allow us to see not only the existence of a consensus, but also how it is achieved. In this case, we are not talking about the best or only form of consensus, which is often identified with the notion of ''quality education''. The emphasis is on there existing many forms of consent in the field of education. The source of legitimacy for justifying the transition from single to multiple forms was the joint research work of L. Boltanski and L. Theveno on the problem of reconciliation of interests. Different forms of consent arise when the expectations of interested participants in interactions are justified. Thus, the basis for their occurrence is not a reference to a bad or good education, but to how much it meets expectations or does not meet expectations.

The president of Russian Federation V. Putin's Order from the 10th of March 2015 to the Government and Central Bank of Russia to work on the plan of creating Monetary Union of EAEU by the 1st of September cannot be ignored by scientific community's attention of Russia and other Eurasian countries. Strategic goal of this document is pretty clear - to create an island of currency stability in the surrounding of Jamaica's Monetary nonsystem and existing monopolar and assimetric world's dollar order, to minimize the dependency of Eurasian countries on US dollar, to hold its world expansion, to freeze the process of financing of USA imbalances by all countries, to turn back the process of dollarization of Eurasian countries and world's dollarization and relieve the world's community from future financial crises. The world's financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010 has clearly shown that US monetary, credit and banking system has become a permanent source of future turmoil of world's scale. It creates a necessity to activate the process of monetary integration of countries on the regional level and transformation of the modern Jamaica's world's dollar standard into the world's multipolar monetary standard. In this article the author analyses he stages of setting up the Eurasian regional monetary order from the creation of multilateral settlement system using common regional currency unit to the introduction of Eurasian currency system with Eurasian currency unit, which can be transformed in the future into the Eurasian Economic and monetary union with common regional currency (euras), which can restrict the world's monopoly position of the dollar.

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Статья д.э.н., профессора Кузнецова В.С. представляет собой полемическую рецензию на статью профессора, доктора экономических наук, заведующего кафедрой «Международные валютно-кредитные отношения» МГИМО Катасонова В.Ю. «Золотой стандарт может быть восстановлен», опубликованную в октябрьском 2008 г. номере журнала «Финансовый бизнес», в которой изложены важные аспекты управления золотовалютными резервами, содержатся аргументы в пользу наращивания золотого запаса России. В качестве одного из аргументов Катасонов В.Ю. выдвигает возможность реставрации золотого стандарта или на мировом уровне - в мировой валютной системе, или на региональном уровне, или на уровне одной страны. В статье проф. Кузнецова В.С. показан спорный характер ряда аргументов проф. Катасонова В.Ю. и обосновывается нецелесообразность выдвижения идеи возврата к золотому стандарту на уровень государственной внешнеэкономической политики России, поскольку реализация такой идеи может стать тормозом для развития мировой резервной функции российского рубля.

Purpose: to identify the problems of modernization of the scientific and industrial complex of the North-Western macro-region and ways to solve them.Results: the article considers systemic changes in material production at the regional level, technological transformation and government support measures the institutional environment for industrial modernization and improved quality of life. Presents the dynamics of production in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, describe the mechanisms and tools to facilitate transfer of results of research and development into production. Conclusions and relevance: the combination of available resource opportunities and the emerging institutional environment will successfully solve the task of modernizing the research and production complex of the North-Western macro-region. Instruments and mechanisms implemented in the institutional environment that should be created should maximize the development of the industrial complex of the macroregion, and effectively transfer the results of research and development to the practical activities of economic entities. ; Цель: Цель исследования – выявление проблем модернизации научно-производственного комплекса Северо-Западного макрорегиона и путей их решения.Результаты работы: В статье рассматриваются системные изменения в материальном производстве на региональном уровне, технологические преобразования и государственные меры поддержки, формирование институциональной среды, обеспечивающей модернизацию промышленности и повышение качества жизни. Представлена динамика производства в фармацевтике и биотехнологиях, показаны механизмы и инструменты, способствующие трансферу результатов исследований и разработок в производство.Выводы: Сочетание имеющихся ресурсных возможностей и формирующейся институциональной среды позволит успешно решать задачу по модернизации научно-производственного комплекса Северо-Западного макрорегиона. Реализуемые в формируемой институциональной среде инструменты и механизмы должны в максимальной степени способствовать развитию промышленного комплекса макрорегиона, эффективному трансферу результатов исследований и разработок в практическую деятельность экономических субъектов.

Article is devoted to the analysis of a problem of dissociation of the structure of modern philosophical knowledge. Author presents possible approach of the formation of the determinate structure of philosophical knowledge. That is formed in three contemporary trends of philosophy – the hermeneutics, the analytical philosophy and postmodernism, where scientific simulacrum as the uniting beginning comes out.

Eating behavior is a selection of definite food subconsciously aimed at meeting physiological needs from main nutrients and energy. Genetic aspects of human metabolism as well as various environmental factors including social-psychological factors have a significant impact on the appearance and a further retention of definite food excesses of each person. Healthy lifestyle promotion (including compliance with nutrition prescription, preference to balanced daily rations cor responding with the level of daily energy needs) helps to form human eating behavior based on nutrition laws that promotes preservation and strengthening of public health (the military personnel). Formation of proper eating behavior may become an important preventive measure for preservation and strengthening of the health of the military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Navy of the Russian Federation. Increasing of daily energy needs due to introduction of new model of physical fitness in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation exerts a considerable impact on an eating behavior in the military personnel. Correction of an eating behavior in the military draft servicemen in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as well as observance of the principles of healthy nutrition may be conducted by means of outreach interviews with specified cohort. Possible changes in eating behavior may be monitored using special tests and questionnaires allowing to execute its overall assessment. Dynamic assessment of eating behavior may take rightful place in the system of scientific study of lifestyle of the military and also be in active use on further improvement of food service system of the Armed Forces of the RF and the Navy of the RF. Significance of assessment of eating behavior in the military will not be irrelevant in the near future but, to the contrary, will gradually increase in connection with advances in science, promotion of food fit to personal genetic aspects and improvement of food service system of the Army Forces of the RF. ; Пищевое поведение — выбор человеком определенных продуктов и блюд, подсознательно направленный на удовлетворение его физиологических потребностей в основных нутриентах и энергии. На появление и дальнейшее закрепление определенных вкусовых предпочтений каждого человека оказывают сильное влияние генетически обусловленные особенности его метаболизма, а также различные факторы окружающей среды, включая социально-психологические. Пропаганда здорового образа жизни (в том числе соблюдение режима питания, предпочтение сбалансированных суточных рационов, соответствующих уровню суточных энерготрат) помогает сформировать пищевое поведение человека, основанное на законах рационального питания, которое способствует сохранению и укреплению здоровья населения (военнослужащих). Формирование правильного пищевого поведения может стать значимым профилактическим средством для сохранения и укрепления здоровья личного состава Вооруженных сил Российской Федерации (ВС РФ) и Военно-Морского Флота Российской Федерации (ВМФ РФ). Увеличение суточных энерготрат, связанное с введением в ВС РФ новой модели физической подготовки, оказывает существенное влияние на пищевое поведение военнослужащих. Коррекция пищевого поведения военнослужащих, проходящих службу по призыву в ВС РФ, а также соблюдение ими принципов здорового питания могут быть достигнуты с помощью проведения разъяснительных бесед с указанным контингентом. Возможные изменения пищевого поведения могут отслеживаться с помощью специальных тестов и опросников, позволяющих осуществлять его всестороннюю оценку. Динамическая оценка пищевого поведения должна занять достойное место в системе научных исследований образа жизни военнослужащих, а также активно использоваться при дальнейшем совершенствовании системы продовольственного обеспечения ВС РФ и ВМФ РФ. Значимость оценки пищевого поведения военнослужащих не потеряет своей актуальности в ближайшее время, но, напротив, будет постепенно возрастать в связи с развитием науки, повышением соответствия рациона генетическим особенностям конкретного человека и совершенствованием системы продовольственного обеспечения ВС РФ.

On the basis of testing various varieties of ecological and economic assessment of lands on the territory of the Russian Plain, their systematization was carried out both from the standpoint of the ratio of profi t and loss associated with nature management, and the attribution of these varieties to the areas of economic science that diff erently determine the role of human economic activity in ecological systems.Th e predominance in the Russian Federation of those techniques and methods of ecological and economic assess-ment, which are associated with the defi nition of damage/ harm from pollution, degradation and cluttering of land plots, is shown. Th e results of the approbation of the «Methodology for determining the extent of damage from soil and land degradation» (1994) for agricultural farms located in various regions of the Russian Federation — in the Volgograd, Belgorod, Kaliningrad and Penza regions are presented. It has been established that the damage caused to agricultural lands in all the studied regions is due to the low level of agrotechnical measures carried out here — mainly insuffi cient application of organic and mineral fertilizers, liming of acidic soils (for example, in the Kaliningrad region) and gypsum of saline soils (in the Volgograd region).Methods where the comparison of income and losses is carried out (methodology Y. von Braun, adjusting the value of land based on information about their ecological condition), are the most diffi cult to implement, but the most promising from a practical point of view. Th e results of the adjustment of the cadastral value of the lands of the West-ern Administrative District of Moscow based on the calculation of the indicator of loss of ecological quality of soils are presented. In some cases, the decrease in the cadastral value of land plots was 71% compared to the initial value.It has been established that the assessment of environmental damage refers to the direction of «environmental economics», the assessment of ecosystem services of soils and lands, the adjustment of the value of land based on information about their ecological condition, the assessment of environmental tax/environmental payments, — to the direction of «ecological economics», the methodology of J. von Braun and the assessment of environmental risks of pollution, degradation and littering of land — towards the direction of «green economics».

During its 88-year history, the Northern fleet medical service has passed a difficult and thorny path of formation, development and improvement. After passing through the crucible of the great Patriotic war, overcoming the difficulties of the postwar period, and in subsequent years of construction and development of the Northern fleet — the repeated transform in search of optimal structure and size for the most efficient management significant on the composition and structure of forces and means, organization of medical and preventive, sanitary and anti epidemic work, unin-terrupted supply of Navy medicine and the saturation of the most modern medical equipment. The most important component of the fleet medical service in all historical periods was the organization of medical support for ships and submarines in the far sea zone, military contingents in the Arctic zone. the Medical service is currently the main management body of the military medical institutions and medical services of military units of the Northern fleet. ; За свою 88-летнюю историю медицинская служба Северного флота прошла тернистый путь становления, развития и совершенствования. Пройдя через горнило Великой Отечественной войны, она преодолела трудности послевоенного периода, а в последующие годы строительства и развития Северного флота — неоднократные преобразования в поисках оптимальной организационно-штатной структуры и численности для наиболее эффективного руководства значительными по составу и структуре силами и средствами, организации лечебно-профилактической, санитарно-противоэпидемической работы, бесперебойного снабжения флота медикаментами и насыщения самой современной медицинской аппаратурой. Важнейшей составляющей деятельности медицинской службы флота во все исторические периоды были организация медицинского обеспечения кораблей и подводных лодок в дальней морской зоне, воинских контингентов в Арктической зоне. Медицинская служба в настоящее время является основным органом управления военно-медицинскими учреждениями и медицинскими службами воинских частей Северного флота.

Over the last decade, due to considerable expansion and energized activity of the Russian Navy in the areas of the World Ocean, the number of long sea trips of Northern Fleet ships has significantly increased. Long-term occupancy in the off-shore maritime zone, in different geographic areas — from the Northern Sea Route to Africa hold the Joint Strategic Command of the Northern Fleet and Medical Service to considerable organizational measures and decisions to ensure the preservation of health of the military personnel during the whole period of cruise, guaranteed qualified and specialized medical care in cases of acute diseases, medical emergencies and injuries. Organizational decisions were made in order to strengthen ship forces in an off-shore maritime zone by means of staff expansion with additional medical specialists and retrofitting with modern medical equipment, and specialized treatment extension what affects the morbidity rate and surgical treatment outcomes at sea. ; За последнее десятилетие в связи со значительным расширением присутствия и активности Военно-Морского Флота России в Мировом океане значительно возросло количество дальних морских походов кораблей Северного флота. Длительное нахождение кораблей в дальней морской зоне, в различных географических районах — от Северного морского пути до Африканского континента — требует от Объединенного стратегического командования Северного флота и медицинской службы серьезных организационных мероприятий и решений для обеспечения сохранения здоровья военнослужащих в течение всего периода плавания, гарантированного оказания квалифицированной и специализированной медицинской помощи в случаях возникновения острых заболеваний, неотложных состояний и травм. Приняты организационные решения по значительному усилению группировок кораблей в дальней морской зоне медицинскими специалистами, дооснащению современной медицинской аппаратурой и расширению специализированных видов лечения, что отразилось на уровне заболеваемости и исходах оперативного лечения в море.