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Focuses on the interplay of ethnicity & gender in the changing discourses of "Tamil womanhood" in Sri Lanka. Two extreme images of Tamil women have emerged: (1) aggressive women soldiers & suicide bombers in the LTTE, the Liberation Tigers for Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a militant group fighting for a Tamil homeland; & (2) pitiful, poverty-stricken, dependent war victims in refugee camps. Many variations have developed, & men & women of different backgrounds are actively influencing these images, yet have not replaced the earlier traditional image of Tamil womanhood, which is still coloring gender discourse in everyday life. Feminist groups & women leaders have been struggling to oppose both the conservative discourse on Tamil womanhood, which restricts women to a domesticated, male-controlled life, & the womanhood ideal of the LTTE, which urges them to take up arms for the nation. Women refugees in Sri Lanka have increased their space for maneuver by themselves, defying deep-rooted values & images of womanhood & are practicing ideals that come very close to the Sri Lankan feminist discourse, according to which women can assert themselves in the public & the private sphere, defining & defending their own women's rights. 33 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractThis article starts with a theoretical discussion of the links between undernutrition, relations of production, and gender relations. As a result of the 'modernisation' of production processes and of planned 'development', rural women in the Third World are often cut off from the main means of production, whereas at the same time they remain responsible for the survival of their children and other dependent family members. It is concluded that adopting the household as the smallest unit of analysis tends to obscure the position of women in development schemes. This leads to an underestimation of the effects of sexual inequality in the productive and reproductive sphere on the occurrence of undernutrition. This theoretical issue is illustrated with an example of a large‐scale irrigation scheme in Sri Lanka, where the petcentage of chronically undernourished is five times higher than the national average.RésuméCet article est introduit par une analyse théorique de la relation entre sous‐alimentation, rapports de production et relations entre les sexes. La modernisation et le développement planifie ont pour effet, dans les pays du Tiers‐Monde, de Séparer les femmes de ľ accès aux moyens de production; elles sont par contre de plus en plus chargées de la responsabilité de la survie de leurs enfants et des autres membres de la famille qui dependent d'elles. Partant, le concept de menage comme unite elementaire d'analyse dissimule, de maniere mystificatrice, les inegalites entte les sexes dans la production et dans la reproduction, inegalites qui determinent la sous‐alimentation. Cettc analyse est developpec a travers l'exemple d'un perimetre d'irrigation a grande echelle au Sri Lanka, zone dans laquelle le pourcentagc de sous‐alimentes chroniques est cinq fois plus eleve que la moyenne nationalc.KurzfassungDieser Artikel beginnt mit einer theoretischen Erörterung der Beziehung zwischen Unterer‐nahrung, Produktionsverhältnissen und der Stellung der Frau. Als Ergebnis des Prozesses der "Modernisierung" und geplanter "Entwicklung" sind die Fraucn auf dem Lande in den Landern der Dritten Welt von den wichtigsten Produktionsgrundlagen abgeschnittcn wor‐den. Demgcgenuber sind sie zunehmend verantwortlich fur das Uberleben der Kinder und anderer abhangiger Familienmitglicder. Das Konzept des Haushalts als klcinste Analyseein‐heit verbirgt geschlechtsbcdingte Ungleichheiten im produktiven und reproduktiven Bereich, die zu Unterernahrung führcn. Diese theoretische Erklarung wird illustriert am Beispiel eines groβen Bewässerungsprojektes in Sri Lanka, wo den Prozentsatz chronisch Unterernährter fünfmal höher ist als im Landesdurchschnitt.

Introduction :Refugees, agency and social transformation /Philomena Essed, Georg Frerks and Joke Schrijvers --1.Refugeehood, loss and social change : Eritrean refugees and returnees /Gaim Kibreab --2.Repatriation : Angolan refugees or migrating villagers? /Oliver Bakewell --3.Space and movement in the Sri Lankan conflict /Oivind Fuglerud --4.Contested refugee status : human rights, ethics and social responsibilities /Philomena Essed and Rianne Wesenbeek --5.A life project out of turmoil : displacement and gender in Colombia /Donny Meertens --6.Permanent refugees : female camp inhabitants in Bihar /Kathinka Sinha-Kerkhoff --7.New opportunities : angry young men in a Tanzanian refugee camp /Simon Turner --8.Identities and the sense of belonging : Iranian women activists in exile /Halleh Ghorashi.

The refusal or reception of refugees has had serious implications for the social policies and social realities of numerous countries in east and west. Exploring experiences, interpretations and practices of 'refugees, ' 'the internally displaced' and 'returnees' in or emerging from societies in violent conflict, this volume challenges prevailing orthodoxies and encourages new developments in refugee studies. It also addresses the ethics and politics of interventions by professionals and policy makers, using case studies of refugees from or in South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe

Ergebnisse der Untersuchung eines holländisch-ceylonesischen Teams über den Sozialstatus ceylonesischer Frauen der unteren sozialen Schichten. Wandel in den Bereichen Beschäftigung, Erziehung, Gesundheitswesen und Beteiligung am politischen Geschehen. Der Lebenszyklus der ceylonesischen Frau. Erfahrungen bei der Implementierung spezifisch Frauen betreffender Entwicklungsprogramme. Mit statistischen Angaben. (DÜI-Ptk)