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At the end of the 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century, the relationship between the people and the power in Portugal revealed various forms of animosity, struggle and resistance. Violence from below expressed inorganic feelings of maladjustment and exclusion from population strata scarcely heard by ruling powers, underrepresented, or in open conflict with the existing political legitimacy. On the other hand, violence from above was often the response of powers and regimes that felt threatened, undergoing crises of liberal growth (in the last decades of the Constitutional Monarchy, until 1910, and during the period of the First Portuguese Republic, between 1910 and 1926), or replacing liberalism by dictatorial rule (from 1926 onwards and throughout Salazar's New State). The purpose of this text is to explore the cycle of political and social violence visible in Portugal from the crisis of the Constitutional Monarchy to the origins of the New State, synthesizing its main causes, dynamics, actors and numbers, whose chief effect was the delegitimization of the liberal state and culture, and the joint suppression of instability and freedom, when the military dictatorship (1926-33) and Salazar took over power. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

At the end of the 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century, the relationship between the people and the power in Portugal revealed various forms of animosity, struggle and resistance. Violence from below expressed inorganic feelings of maladjustment and exclusion from population strata scarcely heard by ruling powers, underrepresented, or in open conflict with the existing political legitimacy. On the other hand, violence from above was often the response of powers and regimes that felt threatened, undergoing crises of liberal growth (in the last decades of the Constitutional Monarchy, until 1910, and during the period of the First Portuguese Republic, between 1910 and 1926), or replacing liberalism by dictatorial rule (from 1926 onwards and throughout Salazar's New State). The purpose of this text is to explore the cycle of political and social violence visible in Portugal from the crisis of the Constitutional Monarchy to the origins of the New State, synthesizing its main causes, dynamics, actors and numbers, whose chief effect was the delegitimization of the liberal state and culture, and the joint suppression of instability and freedom, when the military dictatorship (1926-33) and Salazar took over power. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the Portuguese nation's narrative, Spain was traditionally looked upon as the perilous "other", an antagonist and a threat justifying the demonization of the Iberian neighbour. Centuries of a deep rooted anti-castillianism, if not pure Hispanophobia, were thus a grounding ingredient of Portuguese nationalism. One of the students defenders of such a discourse in the 2nd half of the 20th century was Alberto Franco Nogueira, the New State's Foreign Minister between 1961 and 1969 who later became an outright spokesman against any Iberian friendship in or through democracy and Europe during the 1980s and early 1900s. Exploring his written views, spread over 30 years, on the Portuguese-Spanish relations, and how he adamantly stood agains any Hispanophile approach allows the historian to cast light on a mood that, far from being just a politically incorrect individual eccentricity, modelled many latent national Portuguese views that still counter the present day ruling cosmopolitanism. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Este artigo pretende olhar para a Guerra Civil de Espanha e para a consolidação de Salazar e Franco no poder como um tempo de reforço do nacionalismo português hispanófobo (contrariando a ideia da comunhão perfeita de mundivisões entre os dois ditadores ibéricos), sentimento ou atitude que percorreu o Estado Novo e que chegaou ainda à democracia e aos tempos da Península na Europa. Para tal, far-se-á a recensão de algumas das vozes que, entre 1935 e 1942, moldaram a política portuguesa face a Espanha, com realce para o anti-republicanismo e para o antifalangismo de Salazar. ; This article aims to look at the Spanish Civil War and at Salazar and Franco's consolidation in power as a time of strengthening of Portuguese nationalistic Hispanophobia (opposing the idea of the perfect communion of worldviews between the two Iberian dictators), a feeling and an attitude that spanned all through the 'Estado Novo', up to and including democracy and the era of the Peninsula in Europe. To do so, some of the voices which shaped Portuguese politics towards Spain, between 1935 and 1942, will be discussed, most notable of all Salazar's anti-republicanism and anti-Falangism discourses.

The Portuguese First Republic (1910-1926) is still today a historical period marked by the controversies it generated. Despite its overall failure as an attempt to democratize and modernize the country, the regime left a powerful legacy in the collective memory, acritically glorified or condemned, depending on whether it fueled the apologetic and proselytic view of the utopia-to-be or, in contrast, the devilish view of a close-to-anarchy and Jacobin-like experience. This text analyzes the way in which the First Republic's memory became a topic for heated debate, marking out positions and projecting them onto the appreciations that successive Portuguese generations were to make on this matter throughout the twentieth century. ; A Primeira República Portuguesa (1910-1926) é ainda hoje um período histórico marcado pelas controvérsias que suscitou. Apesar do seu fracasso geral, como tentativa de democratização e modernização do país, ela deixou um poderoso legado na memória colectiva, acriticamente glorificado ou condenado, consoante alimentou a visão apologética e proselitista da utopia tentada ou, em contraste, a visão demoníaca de uma experiência anárquica e jacobina. Este texto analisa a forma como a memória da Primeira República se tornou um tópico de acesa discussão, extremando posições e projectando-as na própria leitura que gerações sucessivas de portugueses foram fazendo dela ao longo do século XX.

Abstract
In contemporary times, Iberianism has been one of the most important themes in the relationship between Portugal and Spain. But there are few words as ambiguous in the peninsular history and culture as the word 'Iberianism'. Aside from traditional political or territorial Iberianism, and often in a critical reaction against it, there exists a less-known cultural, spiritual or civilizational Iberianism, striving for an approximation between the two countries and its peoples that excludes all kinds of state fusion and border suppression, and aims to strengthen the Iberian relationship through unity in diversity, differentiation with complementation, independence with alliance and neighbourhood with friendship. The aim of this article is to explore the cultural discourse of contemporary Portuguese Iberianism, drawing on the reflections produced on the subject by such authors as J. P. de Oliveira Martins, Teixeira de Pascoaes, Fernando Pessoa, António Sardinha, Almada Negreiros, José Saramago, Eduardo Lourenço, Natália Correia and Miguel Torga.

Political Power in Spain: The Multiple Divides between MPs and Citizens, Xavier Coller, Antonio M. Jaime-Castillo and Fabiola Mota (eds) (2018) Palgrave Macmillan, 327 pp., ISBN 978-3-31963-825-6, h/bk, $169.99/€149.79
The Global Cultural Capital: Addressing the Citizen and Producing the City in Barcelona, Mari Paz Balibrea (2017) London: Palgrave Macmillan, 311 pp., ISBN 978-1-13753-595-5, h/bk; ISBN 978-1-13753-596-2, e-book, $139.99/$109.00
Catalan Cartoons: A Cultural and Political History, Rhiannon McGlade (2016) Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 272 pp., ISBN 978-1-78316-804-0, h/bk, £75
A New History of Iberian Feminisms, Silvia Bermúdez and Roberta Johnson (eds) (2018) Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 522 pp., ISBN 978-1-48750-014-6, h/bk; ISBN 978-1-48752-008-3, p/bk, $38.21
Living Anarchism: José Peirats and the Spanish Anarcho-Syndicalist Movement, Chris Ealham (2015) Oakland: AK Press, 336 pp., ISBN 978-1-84935-238-3, p/bk, $20
A Primeira República, 1910–1926: Como venceu e porque se perdeu, Fernando Rosas (2018) Lisbon: Bertrand Editora, 176 pp., ISBN 978-9-72253-676-9, h/bk, 14.40€
Theatre and Dictatorship in the Luso-Hispanic World, Diego Santos Sánchez (ed.) (2018) London and New York: Routledge, 264 pp., ISBN 978-1-13822-330-1, h/bk, £88.00; ISBN 978-1-31540-510-0, e-book, £31.49