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The second and third generation of immigrants have been the centre of a lively debate about the economic integration of immigrants into their host societies, but there is little empirical evidence on the German case. In this study I comprehensively portray the labour market outcomes of second generation immigrants in Germany. Special attention is attributed to observable heterogeneity in terms of country of origin and unobservable heterogeneity in terms of parental human capital, neighbourhood effects, and mixed marriage background. Pooled, static and dynamic panel data models, and a decomposition analysis are used to estimate and explain the average differences in hourly wages and unemployment probabilities separately for men and women. The results suggest that the second generation cannot be considered as one homogeneous group: some groups perform better, equally or worse than comparable German natives. Also, relative outcomes in wages depend mainly on observable characteristics, whereas relative unemployment risks are mainly driven by unobservable factors. -- Panel data ; second generation immigrants ; labour market outcomes ; random effects ; dynamic models ; decomposition analysis

Im ausgehenden 20. Jahrhundert hat ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit stattgefunden, der eine Reihe von internen und externen Reformen internationaler Organisationen nach sich zieht, die den neuen Anforderungen durch die Globalisierung Rechnung zu tragen versuchen. Die Integration multipler Akteure in den politischen Prozess ergibt sich aus der stetig wachsenden Forderung nach mehr Transparenz, Demokratie und Rechenschaftspflicht in der Tätigkeit internationaler Organisationen. Diese sind zugleich bei sinkender Ressourcenbasis und gleichzeitigem anhaltendem Aufgabenwachstum auf die Unterstützung von NGOs in der Implementierungsphase oder auf Partnerschaften mit privaten Unternehmen zur Erschließung neuer Finanzierungsquellen angewiesen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die einzelnen Paradigmenwechsel der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im zeitlichen Verlauf kurz dargestellt, da die einzelnen Erkenntniswerte einer jeder Entwicklungsdekade die heutigen Reformschritte erklären können. Im Anschluss daran werden die internen und externen Reformschritte internationaler Organisationen und die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen diskutiert. Da sich der Paradigmenwechsel nicht isoliert innerhalb internationaler Organisationen vollzieht, werden auch Beispiele aus der bilateralen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit herangezogen. Abschließend werden die Grenzen der neuen Konzepte in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit erörtert. (ICI2)

Inhalt: - 1. Einleitung - 2. Paradigmenwechsel in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit - 3. Neue Herausforderungen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit - a. Komplexe Interdependenz - b. Neues Leitbild - c. Neue Management-Strukturen - d. Neue Instrumente - 4. Grenzen der neuen Konzepte - 5. Zusammenfassung - Literatur

1. Einleitung 2. Paradigmenwechsel in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 3. Neue Herausforderungen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 4. Grenzen der neuen Konzepte 5. Zusammenfassung Literaturangaben

ObjectivesThe experiences and conditions that children are exposed to in utero and early infancy impact their health in adulthood. Understanding the channels through which these effects emerge is important, because this may help us to anticipate which children are at highest risk of adverse effects, and provide early interventions to help. In this paper, we test a new channel linking perinatal experiences to later-life health: immunity.
MethodWe use administrative birth records, linked with hospital admissions episodes and primary care consultations for children in the Northern Territory of Australia. This data forms part of the Child and Youth Development Partnership data linkage project. We analyse the impact of a shock to household income in Aboriginal communities, resulting from a change in government transfer policy. We estimate the impact of exposure to this shock in utero or in the first 3 months of life, relative to exposure later in childhood, to isolate the impact of an income shock during this key developmental period.
ResultsWe find that children who were exposed to the shock in utero or in their first three months of life were at higher risk of severe infection requiring hospital admission. They spend, on average, 4.5 more days in hospital from birth to their 6th birthday (a 45 percent increase). Most of this impact is concentrated in admissions for infection. Only a small share of the effect can be explained by the immediate impact of the policy on birthweight.
ConclusionOur findings are consistent with the explanation that an income shock worsens nutrition, and that worse nutrition during key developmental stages can permanently weaken children's immune systems. This finding speaks to the importance of attention to key phases in childhood development, when designing policies that affect households' financial resources. Furthermore, we find birthweight is a poor predictor of childhood hospital admission. However, use of longitudinal administrative data helps us to identify alternative markers of new-born health that are better predictors.

Abstract
We test whether adverse childhood experiences – exposure to parental maltreatment and its indirect effect on health – are associated with age 30 personality traits. We use rich longitudinal data from a large, representative cohort of young US Americans and exploit the differences across siblings to control for the confounding influences of shared environmental and genetic factors. We find that maltreatment experiences are significantly and robustly associated with neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience, but not with agreeableness and extraversion. High levels of neuroticism are linked to sexual abuse and neglect; low levels of conscientiousness and openness to experience are linked to parental neglect. The estimated associations are significantly reduced in magnitude when controlling for physical or mental health, suggesting that adolescent health could be one important pathway via which maltreatment affects adulthood personality. Maltreatment experiences, in combination with their health effects, explain a significant fraction of the relationship between adulthood conscientiousness and earnings or human capital. Our findings provide a possible explanation for why personality traits are important predictors of adulthood labor market outcomes.