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The roots of the modern concept of statistical confidentiality in the US federal statistical system can be traced directly back to the late nineteenth century efforts of statisticians to ensure full and accurate responses by businesses to statistical inquiries. Officials argued that such confidentiality guarantees were needed to ensure that the providers of enterprise and establishment data could be confident that the statistical agencies could not be forced to share their responses with others, such as regulatory or tax authorities, congressional investigators, prying journalists, and competitors, who might use this information to the detriment of the data provider. Nevertheless, over the years, the principle of statistical confidentiality with respect to information provided by businesses in statistical inquiries has been repeatedly challenged by other executive branch departments, independent regulatory agencies, the courts, Congress, and members of the public, with quite varied results.
The paper uses the published record and archival research to examine the history of challenges to statistical confidentiality, and the responses of the statistical agencies, the federal statistical system as a whole, including the office of the chief statistician in OMB (and its predecessors), executive department and independent non-statistical agencies, the courts, and Congress as well as representatives of the business community. Long-term trends and the implications for maintaining and strengthening the confidentiality protections for establishment- and enterprise-level business data provided to federal agencies for statistical purposes are discussed.

This article addresses two issues concerning about the integration and mobility of undocumented immigrants in the United States: 1) whether undocumented men and women improve their earnings and occupational status over time and 2) the extent of variation in occupational status and mobility by gender and region. Data from the 1989 Legalized Population Survey indicate that both undocumented men and women, on average, improved their earnings and occupational status between their first jobs in the United States and their jobs just prior to application for legalization under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The earnings, occupational status, and occupational mobility of men were greater than for women, however.

This article examines the incorporation of a national sample of undocumented immigrants both before and after they applied to legalize their status under the provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Data from the 1989 and 1992 Legalized Population Surveys (LPS-1 and LPS-2) are used. These surveys provide labor force and occupational data for three critical reference periods: as newly arrived undocumented immigrants, as experienced undocumented immigrants, and as documented immigrants. Labor force participation and occupational status are used as indicators of economic integration. The overall upward mobility of both men and women between first job and the occupation held at time of application for legalization continued after legalization. On average, men also continued to report higher status jobs than women, although women did somewhat better after their status was legalized. These patterns also continued after controlling for available human capital variables, country of origin, marital status, and household composition.

Mortality in a population is measured by a number of
demographic indices such as the crude death rate, the infant mortality
rate, the age-specific death rate or the standardised death rate. Still
another more comprehensive method of portraying mortality conditions in
a population is by means of a life table. A life table as compared to
other mortality indices serves many useful purposes. For measuring
longevity of life, projecting current population into the future or
estimating incidence of widowhood and orphanhood, a life table is
essential. For comparison of expectation of life (or average duration of
life) at birth and after birth for various ages of different populations
the life table is also commonly used. Besides its utility in demographic
problems, still another important use of a life table is made by
actuaries in life insurance. The life table is also becoming an
important tool of investigation for problems of commerce and industry as
it enables one to describe the expectation of life of many nonhuman
populations. For detailed discussion of various kinds of life tables and
their uses, the reader is advised to refer to any one of many standard
reference works [6, Chapters 12 and 13].

The emergence of stable and quasi-stable population theory has
been one of the most interesting developments of demographic theory in
the recent past. Zelnik and Rahman Khan writing in the Spring 1965 issue
of this Review have applied this methodology to Pakistani data with
rather interesting resultsJ. The purpose of this present note is
two-fold. First, is to discuss the assumptions and procedures of the
Zelnik-Rahman Khan use of the quasi-stable model. In other words,
accepting the validity of the model and also its applicability to
Pakistan, have the authors made good use of it? Second, and more
basically, is the quasistable methodology in fact relevant for Pakistan,
given the data available? Let us begin with a brief review of the stable
and quasi-stable population models as they have developed in the last
ten years.