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COVID‐19 temporarily severed the production and the supply chains for fentanyl, a synthetic narcotic responsible for over 30,000 deaths in the United States in 2018. Much fentanyl was produced in Wuhan, China, the source of the epidemic. Fentanyl was previously sold directly to American consumers through online websites and was also supplied by Mexican drug traffickers, who produced the drug from precursor chemicals purchased from China. With the advent of the pandemic, websites from Wuhan‐based sellers reported that the drugs were not being produced or shipped. Moreover, Mexican drug traffickers were deprived of the precursor chemicals to produce this highly potent opioid. Despite the reduced entry of illicit fentanyl to the United States, enough was stockpiled by drug traffickers perpetuating a very serious problem of illegal fentanyl abuse. Deaths have increased since the start of the COVID epidemic, as the problems of drug abuse have not stopped and access to treatment and medical services are diminished. Moreover, isolation and lack of social support compound the problem. The initial data on increased deaths from illegal fentanyl consumption are consistent with the overall picture of the impact of the COVID epidemic. Those who are most vulnerable are suffering disproportionately from the drug trade.

Os tradicionais grupos de delinqüência transnacional e seus homólogos mais recentemente formados possuem relações bastante diferentes com o Estado e com o terrorismo. Em países formados há muito tempo,os grupos delitivos de maior antigüidade têm se desenvolvido junto aos órgãos estatais e dependem das estruturas institucionais e financeiras existentes para movimentar seus produtos e investir seus ganhos. Estes grupos também requerem comunidades estáveis e com freqüência tentam com elas contribuir, ao tempo que repudiam qualquer contato com grupos terroristas.Os grupos mais recentes de delinqüência transnacional, freqüentemente, têm sua origem em situações pós-conflito, onde ainda pode haver um estado de caos, são os atores que dominam a economia clandestina. Estes novos grupos geram alianças com organizações terroristas porque nenhum dos dois possui estratégias financeiras nem horizontes políticos a longo prazo. A vinculação desestabilizadora entre o delito transnacional e o terrorismo tem resultado tão difícil de atacar porque os planejadores das políticas continuam considerando o delito em termos dos paradigmas tradicionais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: delinqüência, transnacional, corrupção, terrorismo.UNHOLY TRINITY: delinquency transnational, corruption and terrorism Louise Shelley The traditional groups of transnational delinquency and their more recently formed homologous ones have quite different relations with the State and with terrorism. In long stablished countries, the more ancient criminal groups were developed along the state organs and depend on the existent institutional and financial structures to move their products and to invest their earnings. These groups also require stable communities and frequently try to contribute to them, while rejecting any contact with terrorist groups.The more recent groups of transnational delinquency have often their origins in post-conflict situations, where there can still be a state of chaos: they are the actors that dominate the clandestine economy. These new groups generate alliances with terrorist organizations because none of the two possess long term financial strategies or political horizons. The destabilizing link between the transnational crime and terrorism are so difficult to attack because the planners of the policies continue considering crime in terms of the traditional paradigms. KEYWORDS: delinquency, transnational corruption, terrorism.LA TRINITE PAS SAINTE: délinquance transnationale, corruption et terrorisme Louise Shelley Les groupes traditionnels de délinquance transnationale et leurs homologues plus récemment formés ont des relations bien différentes avec l'Etat et le terrorisme. Dans des pays formés depuis plus longtemps, les goupes infracteurs plus anciens se développent auprès des institutions étatiques et dépendent des structures institutionelles et financières existantes pour actionner leurs produits et investir leurs gains. Ces groupes ont aussi besoin de communautés stables et fréquemment essaient de leur apporter une contribution alors qu'ils rejettent tous contacts avec les groupes terroristes. Les groupes plus récents de délinquance transnationale trouvent souvent leur origine dans des situations postérieures aux conflits où il existe encore un état de chaos. Ce sont eux les acteurs qui dominent l'économie clandestine. Ces nouveaux groupes font des alliances avec des organisations terroristes parce que ni les uns ni les autres ne possèdent de stratégies financières ou d'horizons politiques à long terme. Le résultat du lien déséquilibrant existant entre le délit transnational et le terrorisme est très difficile à vaincre parce que ceux qui planifient les politiques considèrent toujours le délit en termes de paradigmes traditionnels. MOTS-CLÉS: délinquance, transnational, corruption et terrorisme.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Índice Artículos La trinidad no santa: delincuencia transnacional, corrupción y terrorismo. The unholy trinity: transnational crime, corruption, and terrorism. La Trinité non sainte: délinquance transnationale, corruption et terrorisme. A Trindade não santa: delinqüência transnacional, corrupção e terrorismo. Shelley, Louise El derecho penal español ante la inmigración: un estudio político - criminal. Spanish criminal law regarding immigration: a study from the perspective of crime policy. Le droit pénal espagnol face a l'immigration: une étude politique - criminelle. O direito penal espanhol perante a inmigração: um estudo político - criminal. Cancio Meliá, Manuel y Maraver Gómez, Mario La doctrina de la seguridad nacional y su actual impacto en el derecho penal latinoamericano. The doctrine of national security and its current impact on criminal law in Latin America. La doctrine de la sécurité nationale et son impacte actuel dans le droit pénal latinoaméricain. A doutrina da segurança nacional e seu impacto atual no direito penal latinoamericano. Zamora Cordero, Mario Homicidios seriales en la ciudad de México. ¿Un fenómeno viejo o nuevo? Serial homicides in the Mexico city. An old or new phenomenon? Homicides périodiques dans cite du Mexique. Un vieil ou nouveau phénomène? Assassinatos em série na cidade do Mexico. ¿Um fenômeno novo ou antigo? Barrón Cruz, Martín Gabriel La cruzada de estados unidos contra el terror: explorando la religión y la militancia en un mundo post 11 de septiembre. America's crusade against terror: exploring religion and militancy in a post-9/11 world. La croisade des États-Unis contre la terreur: en explorant la religion et le militantisme dans un monde post 11 septembre. A cruzada dos Estados Unidos contra o terror: explorando a religião e a militância num mundo pós 11 de setembro. Welch, Michael Política criminal, técnica legislativa y reforma del código penal venezolano. Crime policy, legislative technique and the reform of Venezuela's criminal code. Politique criminelle, technique législative et réforme du code pénal vénézuélien. Política criminal, técnica legislativa e reforma do código penal venezuelano. Bolaños González, Mireya Violencia intrafamiliar: un daño incalculables consecuencias. Intrafamily violence: damage with incalculable consequences. Violence intrafamiliale: un dommage aux conséquences immesurables. Violência intrafamiliar: um dano de incalculáveis conseqüencias. Grisolía González, Oly La participación ciudadana en la justicia penal venezolana: formulación teórica vs realidad práctica. (Especial referencia al circuito judicial penal del estado Zulia) Citizen participation in the criminal justice system in Venezuela: theoretical formulations and practical realities. A participação cidadã na justiça penal venezuelana: formulação teórica vs realidade prática. La participation citoyenne dans la justice pénale Vénézuelienne: formulation théorique contre réalité pratique. Han, Pablo; Párraga, Jesús Enrrique y Morales Manzur, Jorge Control social y homosexualidad. Una visión desde la perspectiva del control cultural. Social control and homosexuality. An examination from the perspective of cultural control. Contrôle social et homosexualité. Une vision depuis la perspective du contrôle culturel. Controle social e homosexualidade. Uma visão desde a perspectiva do controle cultural. Hidalgo López, Reynaldo José Re-problematizar la cárcel en Venezuela. Finding problems (once again) in Venezuelan prisons. Reformuler la prison au Venezuela. Re-problematizar a cadeia na Venezuela. Boueiri Bassil, Sonia Documento de derecho penal Montesquieu y el derecho penal. Graven, Jean ; 11-29 ; lshelle@american.edu ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Russland hatte in den letzten fünf Jahren eines der am schnellsten wachsenden Drogenprobleme der Welt. Heute werden in allen Regionen Russlands Drogen gehandelt – mit negativen Auswirkungen auf die junge Bevölkerung. In erster Linie ist Russland ein Transitland, doch auch der Drogenkonsum in Russland selbst steigt an. Früher wurden in Russland in erster Linie im eigenen Land produzierte Drogen konsumiert, heute ist das Land vollständig in die internationalen Drogenmärkte eingebunden. Präventionsprogramme gibt es in Russland kaum und die Strafverfolgung hat sich bei der Bekämpfung des Drogenproblems als ineffektives Werkzeug erwiesen.