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Agrarian transformations in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have both common features and national peculiarities. Studying the experience of market reforms in the agrarian sector of these countries is important for revealing the tendencies and patterns of transformation of agrarian relations, as it will allow to develop a well-balanced strategy and tactics of further market reforms in the agrarian sector of Ukraine and more fully take into account the negative factors that took place in the conditions of transformation processes in agriculture in countries with economies in transition. The subject of the study is the patterns and contradictions in the formation of a new system of economic relations in the agrarian sector of transition economies as a result of its market transformation. To clarify and disclose these questions, dialectical and systematic approaches, historical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, generalizations, and others were used. The purpose of the article is to find out the specifics and regularities of the transformation of agrarian relations in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, to determine the contradictions of the transformations carried out. Conducting agrarian reforms in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe can be divided into three periods: at the first stage - the strategic task was the structural reform of the agricultural sector, which was based on the privatization of land; at the second stage there was a radical change in the direction of internal agricultural policy in the direction of policy of maintaining prices and markets, export and import restrictions; At the third stage (and in some countries it has already taken place), preparations for accession to the EU took place. The purpose of agrarian reforms in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was to transform the agrarian sector of their national economies into a market-oriented sector of the economy. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: privatization of ...

The purpose of the work is to consider the theoretical and practical aspects of fraud in the Internet sphere and on this basis to identify ways to ensure the confidentiality and cybersecurity of private users and commercial organizations. The methodological basis of the work is the use of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. Methods of combining analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction have been used to identify different types of fraud in the Internet. Generalization methods, logical and empirical, were used in determining the directions of development of the national cyber defense system and ensuring confidentiality. The main results of the work: The most common methods of fraud with the use of bank payment cards are identified, among which: a fake poll on social networks with a prize draw; a phone call to obtain classified information; SIM card replacement for access to online banking; online payments on unsecured sites; phishing; copying card data when handed over; unsecured WI-Fi networks; computers in public places; skimming for card data theft; unauthorized micropayments; ATM fraud; use of malicious programs (viruses), fake sites in order to compromise the details of electronic payment instruments and/or logins/passwords for access to Internet/mobile banking systems; dissemination (sale, dissemination) of information on compromised data; terminal network fraud; fraud in remote service systems; social engineering. Basic security rules are defined to prevent fraud. The experience of European countries in the field of cybersecurity is analyzed. The directions of adaptation of the current legislation on cybersecurity to the EU standards are outlined and the directions of development of the national system of cybersecurity are defined. The practical significance of the results is to deepen the understanding of the nature and mechanism of various types of fraud in the Internet. The recommendations proposed in the paper can form a methodological and theoretical basis for the development of economic policy of the state to ensure the confidentiality and cybersecurity of private users and commercial organizations. Conclusions. The state should establish an effective oversight body in the field of personal data protection, but security measures and online restrictions should comply with international standards. The use of encryption should not be prohibited at the legislative level, as such restrictions reduce the ability of citizens to protect themselves from illegal intrusions into privacy. In addition, the state policy in the Internet should be aimed at promoting the development and operation of secure Internet technologies and the formation of mechanisms to protect against services and protocols that threaten the technical functioning of the Internet from viruses, phishing and more.

The purpose of the work is to uncover the key trends and imperatives for the development of the agrarian sector of the modern economy. The methodological basis of the work is the application of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The method of combining analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction was applied in identifying and revealing key trends in the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. The generalization method was used in formulating the definition of the term "agrarian sector development imperatives", logical and empirical methods - in defining the agrarian sector development imperatives and their contradictions. The main results of the work: the key tendencies and imperatives of development of the agrarian sector of the modern economy are revealed; the concept of "imperatives of development of the agrarian sector of economy" is given. The practical significance of the obtained results is to deepen understanding of the nature and causes of contradictions in the agricultural sector of the economy. The recommendations proposed in this paper can form a methodological and theoretical basis for the development of the state's economic policy to resolve economic and social contradictions of the agricultural sector in order to achieve high efficiency of the economic system as a whole. Conclusions. One of the components of the description of actions of the subjects of agrarian relations is the imperatives of development of the agrarian sector, which can be defined as objectively determined directions of development, which determine not only its further trajectory, but also fundamental problems and contradictions. The following key imperatives can be distinguished: economic (ensuring high competitiveness of the agricultural sector), social (ensuring social standards), technological (intensive technologies of agricultural production, application of nano-, bio-, digital technologies), environmental (guaranteeing the safety of food and environment ), political (global instability and turbulence), historical (geographical location and mentality), cultural and religious (agricultural traditions, custom) and the religious specificity of food demand), which are shaped and exerted at the national, regional and global levels.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the dialectics of the interconnection of the development of institutional social forms of the functioning of economic systems and property relations in the agrarian sector, studying the world experience of market circulation of land. In clarifying these questions dialectical, dynamic, systematic, unity of logical and historical approaches, methods of generalization, analysis and synthesis, etc. Institutional social forms of functioning of economic systems are the real forms of organization of economic activity, norms and rules of conduct of economic entities that have developed in a given society at a certain stage of its development. According to the civilization approach, three institutional social forms of functioning of economic systems can be distinguished: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial economical systems, which differ in their institutional frameworks for their functioning. Each of them has its own definite system of property relations, which is constantly evolving and complicated, gaining new forms of development. In general, ownership of land during the history of mankind was in its evolution, three stages (levels) of development: community - private - public property. That is, as we see, the development of property relations has an interesting tendency - in the early stages of its development, humanity used common, collective forms of ownership, later, with the development of productive forces, communal property self-denied and displaced by private property, self-development which takes place in the direction of its socialization (socialization of the nature of labor and production) and the emergence of collective forms of private property. The dialectic of the relationship between the development of institutional social forms of the functioning of economic systems and property relations in the agricultural sector is that the development of land ownership relations leads to changes and transformations in the system of economic relations, their transition to a higher stage of socio-economic development and the emergence of new social forms of functioning of economic systems. In its turn, the emergence of new institutional social forms of functioning of economic systems causes changes in the structure of ownership relations with the land, leads to the emergence and dominant position in the agrarian sector of new types and forms of ownership, reflecting the socio-economic nature of a particular economic system. On the basis of the analysis of the evolution of land ownership relations in different economic systems, one can conclude that their development is characterized by certain patterns: the development and complication of property patterns are constantly underway; Each form of ownership by its nature is historical; the emergence of a more developed form of ownership of land does not lead to the complete disappearance of the previous form of ownership; as the evolution of land ownership relations in the direction of socialization takes place, the convergence of interests of opposing classes, social groups; the development of the essential basis of property takes place in an evolutionary way, and the change in the legal form of ownership - institutional instruments; Each typical civilization is characterized by a specific for the conditions of its development, the dominant object of property, which reflects the level of development of the productive strength of human labor and the corresponding formative peculiarities of the appropriation of means and production results; the formation of private ownership of land in a post-industrial society takes place mainly through its purchase; the state regulates private ownership of land and does not allow the concentration of too large areas of land in one hand; State policy in the field of land relations is aimed at consolidating land and consolidating farms.