The International and European Legal Regime Regulating Marine Litter in the EU
In: Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law – Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht v.6
Cover -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Sources and consequences of marine litter -- A. Sources of marine litter -- I. Landward factors and activities leading to the introduction of waste into the marine environment -- 1. Urban agglomerations -- 2. Sanitary and sewage-related waste -- 3. Pollution from waste disposal -- 4. Tourism and recreational activities -- II. Uses of the ocean that lead to marine litter -- 1. Shipping -- a) Operational pollution -- b) Accidental pollution -- 2. Fisheries -- B. Classification and types of marine litter -- I. Spatial appearance of marine litter -- II. Monitoring of litter in the marine environment -- C. Consequences and impacts of marine litter -- I. Ecological impacts -- 1. Entanglement -- 2. Transport vectors for hitch-hiking of non-native species and smothering of marine habitat -- II. Toxicological influences of marine litter by ingestion -- 1. Chemicals contained in plastic -- 2. Material science of plastic -- 3. Microplastics -- a) Primary microplastic -- b) Secondary microplastic -- 4. The uptake of microplastics -- 5. Adsorption of chemicals and metals onto microplastics -- 6. Trophical transfer of persistent microplastics -- 7. Toxicological considerations -- III. Socio-economic impacts -- IV. Preliminary conclusion -- D. Preliminary conclusion - Uncertainties and knowledge gaps -- E. Requirements for an effective and integrated protection instrument -- Chapter 2: Global regulatory framework relating to marine litter -- A. Principles and their approaches to address marine litter -- I. Polluter-pays-principle -- 1. The application of the polluter-pays-principle in agreements -- 2. Function of the polluter-pays-principle in marine litter context -- II. The role of the preventive principle in a marine litter context -- III. The precautionary principle.