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The percentage of aged population 60 years and above is globally increasing. Quality of nursing care provided to elder people depends on nurse's knowledge and attitude. Knowledge regarding care of patient investigated in a few studies showed that nurses have low to average knowledge with the care of elder patient. Most of the studies across nation revealed negative attitude toward care of elder patient. In Ethiopia, the problems of older people had not addressed adequately. To date, no similar study has conducted in Ethiopia in concerning nurse's knowledge and attitude toward care of elder patient. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and associated factors toward care of elder patient among nurses working in adult acute care unit in selected public hospital of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study employed using quantitative descriptive study on 457 nurses in five selected government hospital in Addis Ababa. Multi stage sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select the study subjects. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: Among 457 respondents, 131(28.7%) of nurses' have good knowledge toward care of elder patient whereas 100(21.9%) nurses have positive attitude toward care of elder patient. The result showed that age and year of experience were significantly associated with nurse's knowledge toward care of elder patient (p<0.05, 95% C.I). Similarly, sex, marital status, level of education, year of experience in nursing profession, adequacy of physical space, communicating with patient/family care giver and nurse's knowledge were significantly associated with nurse's attitude toward care of elder patient (p<0.05, 95% C. I). Conclusion and Recommendation: Majority of nurses had poor knowledge and negative attitude toward care of elder patient. Age and year of experience were significantly associated with knowledge. Similarly, sex, marital status, level of education, year of experience, adequacy of physical space, communicating with patient/family care giver and nurse's knowledge of care of elder patient were significantly associated with nurse's attitude toward care of elder patient (p<0.05, 95% C.I). Therefore, federal ministry of health, hospital managers and nursing department should work cooperatively in order to improve nurse's knowledge and enhance their attitude toward care of elder patient.

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is the most important component in the project management. Despite its importance, the effectiveness of M&E system is affected by various factors. Addis Ababa HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (AAHAPCO) runs HIV/AIDS projects which are supported by government of Ethiopia and international organizations. This research aims to assess the practices of M&E in AAHAPCO and identify the challenges. The method used for this study was census. This method was selected for two main reasons. The first reason is the number of staffs who were engaged in project implementation and M&E activities were few. The second reason was to obtain sufficient data from the aforementioned staff. During data collection, out of the total project and M&E staffs who were supposed to be fill the questionnaire, more than 90% of them filled and returned the questionnaires provided to them. The research found that although most of the respondents have first degree and ample work experience in project management and M&E, majority of them did not have sufficient knowledge about M&E policy, framework, guidelines and procedures of the office because they were neither oriented nor provided these documents at the time of or after employment. The second finding of this research is that M&E is practiced regularly and in participatory approach and also the management utilise the information produced by M&E staff. However, the M&E officers do not have sufficient technical knowledge of M&E but perform their activities using the tradition method that they were told to do. The third finding is that the practice of M&E is challenged by lack of budget, the existence of different reporting requirement by different funders, time consuming implementing activities, and lack of skill in M&E. Thus, it is recommended that AAHAPCO should build the capacity of M&E officer by providing orientation and providing the M&E policy, procedures and manuals to new employees and also enabling the old-timer M&E staff to get training or formal education in M&E. Moreover, AAHAPCO should allocate sufficient budget for M&E activities.

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the major public health problems and health workers, especially laboratory professionals, are at high risk areas for infection compared to the general population. Infection control measures are not always implemented even when HCWs are well informed. Insufficient studies were found that examine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice about TB infection control mechanisms among medical laboratory professionals in Ethiopia. Objectives: - To assess knowledge, attitude and practice of TB infection control among medical laboratory professionals in selected DOTS providing health facilities under Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa between September 2014 and May 2015 on 213 Medical Laboratory professionals in selected DOTS providing government health facilities. Pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire were used. Data entry and analysis was performed by using SPSS version 20 software. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis were made. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 213 participants filled the questionnaires (response rate were 95.9%) the mean knowledge score was 7.69± (SD 2), mean attitude score were 44.63± (SD 4) and mean practice score were 10.56± (SD 2.75).Statistically significant association were observed between total knowledge and last training (AOR=5.03, 95%CI=2.129, 11.901) and presence of TB manual (AOR=0.108, 95%CI=0.037, 0.315). Total attitude score had significant association with level of health facility (AOR=2.715, 95%CI=1.262, 5.841). Total practice score had significant association with the duration last training obtained (4.77, 95%CI=2.173, 10.472). Conclusion: About 33.3% of the study participants had poor knowledge, 46.9% of them had negative attitude and 41.8% of them had poor attitude. Total knowledge score had significant association with last training, presence of TB manual and overall practice score. Total attitude score had significant association with level of health facility. Total practice had significant association with last training. Mean difference were observed between hospital and health center for knowledge but not for attitude and practice

This study was conducted to examine the major causes of marital conflicts among couples in their day-to-day marital disagreements, the proportion of destructive conflict resolution tactics, the level of destructive conflict tactics, and the differences of destructive conflict tactics within couples. A total of 188 married women who live in Bahir Dar city were participated in the study. Causes of Marital Conflict Questionnaire and Conflict Tactics Scale were used to collect quantitative data. In addition, interview was conducted with eight participants to substantiate the quantitative findings. The result revealed that household responsibility, follow-up of child education, child caring, disparity in parenting, misunderstanding, lack of interest to generate income, carelessness, insufficient income for the family, extravagance, and lack of intimacy are found to be the major causes for marital conflict. It was also found that 60 percent of these participants employed destructive reasoning and 5 percent of them employed each verbal aggression and physical aggression frequently while resolving their marital dispute. The repeated-measures t-test results also showed that these participants practiced more destructive reasoning than verbal aggression and physical aggression, and more verbal aggression than physical aggression. Therefore, it was concluded that by practicing frequent destructive reasoning tactics, majority of the families of these participants seem placing themselves at risk of applying more hostile conflict tactic and obstructing their happiness.

Geo-distributed computing environments such as hybrid cloud, multi-cloud and Fog Computing need to be managed autonomously at large scales to improve resource utilization, maximize performance, and save costs. However, resource management in these geo-distributed computing environments is difficult due to wide geographical distributions, poor network conditions, heterogeneity of resources, and limited capacity. In this thesis, we address some of the resource management challenges using container technology. First, we present an experimental analysis of autoscaling in Kubernetes clusters at the container and Virtual Machine levels. Second, we propose a proportional controller to dynamically improve the stability of geo-distributed deployments at run-time in Kubernetes Federations. Finally, we develop a container orchestration framework for geo-distributed environments that offers policy-rich placement, autoscaling, bursting, network routing, and dynamic resource provisioning capabilities. ; Les environnements informatiques géo-distribués tels que le cloud hybride, le multi-cloud et le Fog Computing doivent être gérés de manière autonome à grande échelle pour améliorer l'utilisation des ressources, maximiser les performances et réduire les coûts. Cependant, la gestion des ressources dans ces environnements informatiques géo-distribués est difficile en raison de leur large distribution géographique, de mauvaises conditions de réseau, de l'hétérogénéité des ressources et de la capacité limitée. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons certains des défis de la gestion des ressources en utilisant la technologie des conteneurs. Tout d'abord, nous présentons une analyse expérimentale de l'autoscaling dans les clusters Kubernetes au niveau des conteneurs et des machines virtuelles. Deuxièmement, nous proposons un contrôleur proportionnel pour améliorer dynamiquement la stabilité des déploiements géo-distribués dans les fédérations Kubernetes. Enfin, nous proposons un système d'orchestration de conteneurs pour les environnements géo-distribués qui offre des capacités de placement, d'autoscaling, d'éclatement, de routage réseau et de provisionnement dynamique des ressources riches en politiques.

AbstractWith one third of the population living in poverty and millions experiencing chronic food insecurity, the government of Ethiopia faces difficult and complex challenges. One of the most robust and effective social protection efforts is the Productive Safety Net Program, which has served more than seven million people since 2005. This article explores the role of power and politics and posits that the maintenance of political control explains why components of the program are not implemented as planned. We focus upon everyday mundane aspects of life in rural communities wherein governmental programs entrench political control while making progress towards stated objectives. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background Despite its great public health importance, few control initiatives addressing podoconiosis (non-filarial elephantiasis, a geochemical neglected tropical disease) exist. In June 2010, the first podoconiosis program in Northern Ethiopia, consisting of prevention, awareness, and care and support activities, began in Debre Markos, Northern Ethiopia. This study aims to document and disseminate the lessons learned from a new community podoconiosis program in Debre Markos. Methods/Principal Findings We used a content analysis approach to examine and evaluate data from a series of sources. These sources include conducted interview transcripts, a focus group discussion transcript and secondary sources including monitoring and evaluation field reports, observation notes, and research obtained from a literature review. Themes were identified and grouped into matrix tables. Overall, sixteen program steps were identified and grouped into 6 domains: Initial preparation, training and sensitization, foundation building, treatment activity implementation, awareness, and follow-up. Emphasis is placed on the need for baseline data, effective training, local leadership, experience-sharing, mass-awareness, cross-cutting sector issues (i.e., water and waste management), and integration with government health systems. Related successes and challenges are also described, as are stakeholder roles and misconceptions and socio-cultural challenges affecting the program start-up. Many of the identified successes and challenges are relevant to the aim of the podoconiosis program to be sustainable and community-led. Conclusions/Significance Much of this information has already been used to improve the Debre Markos program. We also anticipate that the domains and steps identified will be useful in guiding new programs in other settings where podoconiosis is highly prevalent. We hope to encourage partnerships and collaboration among podoconiosis stakeholders in future growth and disease control expansion.

AbstractWomen entrepreneurs account for a sizable majority of small‐scale entrepreneurs in Africa. A minor change in their capitalization could assure their participation in diverse productive activities and has a large impact on their lives and families, as well as on the economy. While their access to credit is impeded profoundly because of the regulatory constraints imposed by formal financial institutions, on one hand, the informal sector interest rates as high as 300 per cent are literally untenable, on the other. The paper investigates the contribution of microfinance to the economic improvement of women small‐scale entrepreneurs in Addis Ababa. The research assesses the impact of credit and saving services on the economic improvement of women small‐scale entrepreneurs by using secondary data and a quantitative analysis based on questionnaires and interviews. The study probes financial facets such as income, savings, credit, financial services, family obligations and access to education. It concludes that women entrepreneurs who obtain microfinance face a number of problems. The study exposes the overall environment constraining women entrepreneurs on financial fronts and suggests some measures of relief to ameliorate the situation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.