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Este artículo ofrece una perspectiva general de las obras historiográficas sobre las elites financieras europeas escritas a partir de los años setenta y ochenta del siglo xx. El interés por las elites financieras del periodo comprendido entre principios del siglo xix y la Primera Guerra Mundial derivó del descubrimiento del «discreto encanto de la burguesía» que se produjo en los años setenta, desencadenado a su vez por una fe decreciente en el intervencionismo estatal y en las recetas keynesianas. Una gran cantidad de investigaciones se dedicaron a analizar los orígenes, la formación académica, la red de relaciones y los valores culturales de las elites financieras europeas, o a calibrar su influencia sobre otras elites (la elite política sobre todo) y su proximidad a ellas. Pero, cuando los factores políticos y las cuestiones metodológicas hicieron que en los años noventa disminuyera el interés de los historiadores por las elites financieras, gran parte de las obras se habían concentrado en los casos británico, francés y alemán mientras que en otros países se estudiaron menos. El artículo resume las principales conclusiones resultantes de estos estudios y defiende la necesidad de ampliar el ámbito geográfico de la bibliografía sobre elites financieras, poniendo de relieve que ha llegado el momento de saber más acerca de las elites financieras españolas del siglo xix.

El presente texto tiene la finalidad de presentar y desentrañar un documento en parte aún inédito: "Mis Apuntes". Este diario personal llevado por Juan Sinforiano Bogarín, obispo y luego arzobispo de Asunción, Paraguay, desde 1895 hasta su fallecimiento en 1949, nos permite incursionar por un lado en el género autobiográfico y, por el otro, en los acontecimientos sociales, políticos y religiosos que vivió Paraguay durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, especialmente durante la década del '40, a través de los ojos del obispo. Sostenemos que esta obra es una puerta de entrada privilegiada a la persona de Bogarín como a la vida política del Paraguay, especialmente. ; The present text has the purpose of presenting and unraveling a document in part still unpublished: "Mis Apuntes". This personal diary kept by Juan Sinforiano Bogarín, bishop and later archbishop of Asunción, Paraguay, from 1895 until his death in 1949, allows us to venture into the autobiographical genre on the one hand and, on the other, into the social, political, and religious events that Paraguay experienced during the first half of the 20th century, especially during the '40s, through the eyes of the bishop. We claim that this work is a privileged gateway to the person of Bogarín and to the political life of Paraguay. ; Fil: Telesca, Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Formosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Environmental change is a major threat to marine ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the key biological processes and environmental factors mediating spatial and temporal species' responses to habitat alterations underpins our ability to forecast impacts on marine ecosystems under any range of scenarios. This is especially important for calcifying species, many of which have both a high climate sensitivity and disproportionately strong ecological impacts in shaping marine communities. Although geographic patterns of calcifiers' sensitivity to environmental changes are defined by interacting multiple abiotic and biotic stressors, local adaptation, and acclimation, knowledge on species' responses to disturbance is derived largely from short- and medium-term laboratory and field experiments. Therefore, little is known about the biological mechanisms and key drivers in natural environments that shape regional differences and long-term variations in species vulnerability to global changes. In this thesis, I examined natural variations in shell characteristics, both morphology and biomineralisation, under heterogeneous environmental conditions i) across large geographical scales, spanning a 30° latitudinal range (3,334 km), and ii) over historical times, using museum collections (archival specimens from 1904 to 2016 at a single location), in mussels of the genus Mytilus. The aim was to observe whether plasticity in calcareous shell morphology, production, and composition mediates spatial and temporal patterns of resistance to climate change in these critical foundation species. For the morphological analyses, the combined use of new statistical methods and multiple study systems at various geographical scales allowed the uncoupling of the contribution of development, genetic status, and environmental factors to shell morphology. I found salinity had the strongest effect on the latitudinal patterns of Mytilus shape. Temperature and food supply, however, were the main predictor of mussel shape heterogeneity. My results suggest the potential of shell shape plasticity in Mytilus as a powerful indicator of rapid environmental changes. I found decreasing shell calcification towards high latitudes. Salinity was the best predictor of regional differences in shell deposition, and its mineral and organic composition. In polar, low-salinity environments, the production of calcite and organic shell layers was increased, while aragonite deposition was enhanced under temperate, higher-salinity regimes. Interacting strong effects of decreasing salinity and increasing food availability on compositional shell plasticity predict the deposition of a thicker external organic layer (periostracum) at high latitudes under forecasted future conditions. This response potential of Mytilus shell suggests an enhanced protection of temperate mussels from predators and a strong capacity for increased resistance of polar and subpolar individuals to dissolving water conditions. Analyses of museum specimens indicated increasing shell calcification during the last century. Deposition of individual shell layers was more closely related to temporal changes in the variability of key environmental drivers than to alterations of mean habitat conditions. Calcitic layer and periostracum showed marked responses to alterations of biotic conditions, suggesting the potential of mussels to trade-off between the deposition of calcareous and organic layers as a compensatory response to strategy-specific predation pressure. These changes in biomineralisation indicated a marked resistance to environmental change over the last century in a species predicted to be vulnerable, and how locally heterogeneous environments and predation levels can have a stronger effect on Mytilus responses than global environmental trends. My work illustrates that biological mechanisms and local conditions, driving plastic responses to the spatial and temporal structure of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors, can define geographic and temporal patterns of unforeseen species resistance to global environmental change. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme, CACHE ITN, under grant agreement n° 605051

O presente trabalho pretende refletir sobre o Paraguai, em meados do século XIX, anterior à Guerra. O objetivo geral é compreender a sociedade paraguaia e a conformação do Estado, ao problematizar as posições assumidas no governo de Carlos Antonio López para entender a complexidade da sociedade paraguaia do período. Para este propósito, um estudo de caso é abordado: o decreto de supressão dos Pueblos de Indios em 1848. Por um lado, o Estado é visto como uma instituição em ação e, por outro, se busca mostrar como essa visão desde o topo se estilhaça quando se analisa os atos do Estado a partir do vida diária dos afetados e de suas relações com a autoridade.