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En el presente artículo se intenta realizar un análisis histórico- jurídico de la evolución del Derecho Comercial desde fines de la Edad Media hasta el presente. Se hace hincapié en que el Derecho Comercial es una categoría histórica que responde a una realidad social, modificada por circunstancias económicas, sociales y políticas. Con el proceso de transición del feudalismo al capitalismo, surgen nuevas instituciones jurídicas del Derecho Comercial como la banca, la bolsa, el cheque, el pagaré, la letra de cambio, que contribuyen a potenciar el desarrollo de los nuevos estados nacionales europeos. Se analizan las nuevas concepciones jurídicas del Derecho Comercial, tales como: la tesis subjetiva, objetiva, la teoría de la empresay los nuevos enfoques del Derecho Comercial posmoderno.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo explicar la relación entre los conceptos de Personalidad de Marca y Marca Emocional utilizando las Cadenas de Farmacias como producto de referencia. Se aplicó un análisis de correlación a los datos recogidos en el estudio de campo, a través de la Confiabilidad vía Alfa de Cronbach encontrándose agrupaciones significativas de Dimensiones de Marca como: Emocionante (0.91), Pasividad (0.81) y Sinceridad (0.83). Luego se realizó un análisis de correlación de rangos de Spearman con niveles de significación de 5% y 10%, obteniéndose que el 98,1% de los pares de correlación estudiados presentaron valores superiores a _=0,48, que no evidenció una asociación significativa entre las variables de estudio, lo que lleva a rechazar la hipótesis de la investigación, y a concluir que en el caso de las Cadenas de Farmacias seleccionadas no existe una clara asociación entre los constructos de marca emocional y personalidad de marca.

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model in which the public and the private sector interact in the labor market. Previous studies that analyze the labor market effects of public sector employment and wages have mostly assumed exogenous rules for public wage and public employment. We show that theories that equalize wages with marginal products in the private sector can rationalize the interaction of public and private sector wages when extended to accommodate a non-trivial government sector/public sector union that endogenously determines public employment and wages. Our model suggests a positive correlation between public and private sector wages. Any increase in tax revenues, coupled with the existence of a positive public-private sector wage gap, makes working in the public sector an attractive option. Thus, a positive neutral productivity shock increases public and private sector wages. More interestingly, even a private-sector specific productivity shock spills-over to the public sector, increasing public wages. These facts lend some support to the wage leading role of the private sector. Nevertheless, at the same time, a positive shock to public sector wages would lead to an increase in private sector wages, via the flow of workers from the private to the public sector

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo explorar el modelo de Personalidad de Marca en Venezuela, a través del estudio propuesto por Aaker (1997) de los rasgos de personalidad, utilizando los centros comerciales como producto de referencia. La investigación de tipo exploratorio adoptó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La muestra resultó de ciento sesenta y ocho personas (168) entre encuestas auto suministradas y vía correo electrónico. En el procesamiento de los datos se aplicó un análisis de Confiabilidad vía Alfa de Cronbach encontrándose que las dimensiones de personalidad de marca para Venezuela son: Emocionante (0.91), Sinceridad (0.83), Pasional (0.88) Pasividad (0.76) y Rudeza (0.68). Estos resultados revelaron importantes diferencias con un estudio previo realizado en el país. La causa puede deberse a la falta de un procedimiento muestral más representativo de ambos estudios, ya que hasta la fecha no se ha realizado un estudio de escala nacional para medir Personalidad de Marca. A pesar de ello, se consiguieron evidencias que los rasgos de personalidad alrededor de la dimensión "Emocionante" pudiesen ser explicativos de la personalidad del venezolano promedio, ya que además de su consistencia interna, presentan coincidencias con otros estudios empíricos de segmentación realizados en el país.

Modification of host-cell ionic content is a significant issue for viruses, as several viral proteins displaying ion channel activity, named viroporins, have been identified. Viroporins interact with different cellular membranes and self-assemble forming ion conductive pores. In general, these channels display mild ion selectivity, and, eventually, membrane lipids play key structural and functional roles in the pore. Viroporins stimulate virus production through different mechanisms, and ion channel conductivity has been proved particularly relevant in several cases. Key stages of the viral cycle such as virus uncoating, transport and maturation are ion-influenced processes in many viral species. Besides boosting virus propagation, viroporins have also been associated with pathogenesis. Linking pathogenesis either to the ion conductivity or to other functions of viroporins has been elusive for a long time. This article summarizes novel pathways leading to disease stimulated by viroporin ion conduction, such as inflammasome driven immunopathology. ; The work done by the authors was supported by grants from the government of Spain (BIO2013-42869-R, FIS2013-40473-P), Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2012/069), Fundació Caixa Castelló-Bancaixa (P1-1B2012-03) and a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) project (5P01AI060699). JLN-T received a contract from NIH. CC-R received a contract from Fundacion La Caixa. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed

A recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) lacking the envelope (E) protein is attenuated in vivo. Here we report that E protein PDZ-binding motif (PBM), a domain involved in protein-protein interactions, is a major determinant of virulence. Elimination of SARS-CoV E protein PBM by using reverse genetics caused a reduction in the deleterious exacerbation of the immune response triggered during infection with the parental virus and virus attenuation. Cellular protein syntenin was identified to bind the E protein PBM during SARS-CoV infection by using three complementary strategies, yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy assays. Syntenin redistributed from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm during infection with viruses containing the E protein PBM, activating p38 MAPK and leading to the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Silencing of syntenin using siRNAs led to a decrease in p38 MAPK activation in SARS-CoV infected cells, further reinforcing their functional relationship. Active p38 MAPK was reduced in lungs of mice infected with SARS-CoVs lacking E protein PBM as compared with the parental virus, leading to a decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and to virus attenuation. Interestingly, administration of a p38 MAPK inhibitor led to an increase in mice survival after infection with SARS-CoV, confirming the relevance of this pathway in SARS-CoV virulence. Therefore, the E protein PBM is a virulence domain that activates immunopathology most likely by using syntenin as a mediator of p38 MAPK induced inflammation. ; This work was supported by grants from the government of Spain (BIO2010-16705), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ 2007-2013) under the project ''EMPERIE'' EC Gran Agreement number 223498, and U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2P01AI060699, 0258-3413/ HHSN266200700010C). JMJG received a JAE fellowship from the CSIC-JAE Program co-funded by the European Social Fund. JARN and CCR received a contract from Fundación La Caixa.