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Este artículo analiza la manera en que la globalización ha modificado las prácticas campesinas de producción de alimentos. La investigación combina métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para la recopilación de información etnográfica, estadística y documental. Los resultados dan cuenta de que la instalación de empresas transnacionales en los terrenos adyacentes a los ejidos ha provocado la disminución de la producción de alimentos, porque la apertura de la economía mexicana ha posibilitado una relación desigual entre las dimensiones global y local de la economía. El valor de este trabajo radica en que muestra las interconexiones que el capital transnacional mantiene con las localidades rurales de las zonas áridas de San Luis Potosí.

In the province of Loja, located south of Ecuador, since the 90s of the last century, several peasant families have created local organizations through which promote alternative territorialities, how ecological production, solidarity finance, community management of water, defense of ancestral lands, empowerment of rural women, amongst other activities. This paper asks how these experiences are structured, and from participatory elaboration of sociograms, analyzes the internal dynamics of three organizations, and its interactions with other actors. These territorialities are more than simple practices of production, or management, these are also complex phats of political subjectivation. ; En la provincia de Loja, al sur de Ecuador, desde de los años 90 del siglo pasado, varias familias campesinas han creado organizaciones locales que impulsan territorialidades alternativas como la producción ecológica, finanzas solidarias, gestión comunitaria del agua, defensa de territorios ancestrales, empoderamiento de mujeres, entre otras. Este trabajo se pregunta de qué manera se estructuran estas experiencias, y a partir de la construcción participativa de sociogramas, analiza las dinámicas internas de tres organizaciones, y sus interacciones con otros actores. Se encuentra que estas territorialidades, más que simples prácticas de producción o gestión, son complejas trayectorias de subjetivación política. Abstract In the province of Loja, located south of Ecuador, since the 90s of the last century, several peasant families have created local organizations through which promote alternative territorialities, how ecological production, solidarity finance, community management of water, defense of ancestral lands, empowerment of rural women, amongst other activities. This paper asks how these experiences are structured, and from participatory elaboration of sociograms, analyzes the internal dynamics of three organizations, and its interactions with other actors. These territorialities are more than simple practices of production, or management, these are also complex phats of political subjectivation.

O presente artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa de mestrado que analisou como a escola tem se tornado um local de crescentes disputas sobre gênero e sexualidades. As fontes de pesquisas foram grupos focais com professores/as e um breve levantamento bibliográfico para contextualização e fundamentação das análises. A perspectiva teórica dialogou com as noções de discurso, governo e regime de verdade em Michel Foucault, bem como noções de gênero e reconhecimento em Judith Butler. As análises indicaram que a despeito da LGBTfobia presente nas escolas pesquisadas e dos ataques que sofrem professores/as acusados/as de propagar uma suposta "ideologia de gênero", muitos/as deles/as, assumindo uma posição de coragem, têm sido importantes articuladores/as da resistência ao recrudescimento do discurso antigênero.

El presente trabajo de investigación determina la conceptualización de la participación ciudadana en Latinoamérica y su aparición en el Ecuador, así como su estructura normativa y jurídica de legitimación que la permite accionar, además de ello busca determinar los espacios de participación que tiene el ecuatoriano como actor fundamental en el diseño de políticas públicas y retro alimentador de la gestión pública en los entes del estado central y Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados, para ello se establecieron dos secuencias: la primera, un recorrido histórico de la democracia participativa con sus experiencias en Latinoamérica y su afincamiento en el Ecuador, la segunda, consigue determinar los mecanismos, espacios e instituciones de participación ciudadana con los que cuenta la legislación ecuatoriana y que aproximan las relaciones Estado-sociedad; terminando este análisis de consigue comprender el estado de la participación ciudadana en el Ecuador desde la óptica de conceptualización y legitimidad, sobre todo desde la redacción de la constitución del 2008 cobra relevancia y revaloriza los derechos del ciudadano en el Ecuador y se determina la transversalidad de la participación ciudadana en la gestión pública nacional.

Simple Summary Triatoma infestans is the main vector of the Chagas disease transmission and has been for years one of the main sanitary problems in Bolivia, particularly for the movement between isolated population to the urban areas. In the following research, we analyze the pattern of biological adaptation of this vector species from two different areas in Bolivia (areas of the Bolivian Chaco with the inter-Andean valleys). Using advanced geometric morphometric tools, it was possible to unravel T. infestans morphological variation and understand the biological adaptation of this important insect species. Morphometrics has been used on Triatomines, a well-known phenotypically variable insect, to understand the process of morphological plasticity and infer the changes of this phenomenon. The following research was carried out in two regions of the inter-Andean valleys and two Chaco regions of Chuquisaca-Bolivia. Triatoma infestans adults were collected from the peridomestic (pens and chicken coops) along a geographic gradient in order to evaluate the morphological differentiation between groups and their pattern of sexual shape dimorphism. Geometric morphometric methods were applied on the wings and heads of T. infestans. The main findings include that we proved sexual dimorphism in heads and wings, determined the impact of environmental factors on size and shape and validated the impact of nutrition on head shape variation. These results show that geometric morphometric procedures can be used to provide key insight into the biological adaptation of T. infestans on different biotic (nutrition) and abiotic (environment) conditions, which could serve in understanding and evaluating infestation processes and further vector control programs. ; International Science Program at Uppsala University BOL-01 ANID grant FONDECYT DE INICIACION from the government of Chile 11180366 ; Versión publicada - versión final del editor

In this study, magnetic nanocomposites were developed and used as adsorbents for lead and copper from aqueous media. Structural, surface, magnetic and textural properties of functionalized maghemite nanoparticles synthesized by alkaline co-precipitation were studied. The surfaces of the iron oxide nanoparticles (Nps) were modified with different chemical agents such as fatty and amino acids, silica (SiO2), mesoporous silica (SBA-15), hydroxyapatite, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), obtaining NPs with mean particle sizes ranging from 7 to 16 nm according to Rietveld refinement and TEM images analysis. The physicochemical surface properties of the functionalized materials were studied via zeta potential (zeta) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Mossbauer spectroscopy (MS) as a function of temperature and DC magnetometry were used to study the magnetic properties. The superparamagnetic relaxation was studied by MS. The resolved spectra at 20 K confirm the presence of nanomaghemite phase. Besides, the saturation magnetization varies from 12 to 62 emu g(-1). A nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique was used to determine the specific surface area and to study the porous structure. The functionalized gamma-Fe2O3 Nps exhibited a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area ranging from 74 to 214 m(2) g(-1) and revealed remarkable uptake capacities to remove Cu(II) and Pb(II) species from aqueous solutions. ; National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC/Cienciactiva-Peru) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; DAAD ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spanish Government ; Natl Univ San Marcos, Fac Phys Sci, POB 14-0149, Lima 14, Peru ; Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Phys Kondensierten Mat, D-38110 Braunschweig, Germany ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol, Ave Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes 1201, BR-12247014 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil ; Brazilian Ctr Res Phys CBPF, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Fis Teor & Expt, BR-59078970 Natal, RN, Brazil ; Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Environm & Chem Engn Grp, C Tulipan S-N, Madrid, Spain ; Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes, 1201, São José dos Campos, Brazil ; CNPq: 305748/2015-7 ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spanish Government: CTM2015-69246-R ; Web of Science

Darwin's frogs Rhinoderma darwinii and Rhinoderma rufum are the only known species of amphibians in which males brood their offspring in their vocal sacs. We propose these frogs as flagship species for the conservation of the Austral temperate forests of Chile and Argentina. This recommendation forms part of the vision of the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin's Frogs, which was launched in 2018. The strategy is a conservation initiative led by the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, which in 2017 convened 30 governmental, non-profit and private organizations from Chile, Argentina and elsewhere. Darwin's frogs are iconic examples of the global amphibian conservation crisis: R. rufum is categorized as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) on the IUCN Red List, and R. darwinii as Endangered. Here we articulate the conservation planning process that led to the development of the conservation strategy for these species and present its main findings and recommendations. Using an evidence-based approach, the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin's Frogs contains a comprehensive status review of Rhinoderma spp., including critical threat analyses, and proposes 39 prioritized conservation actions. Its goal is that by 2028, key information gaps on Rhinoderma spp. will be filled, the main threats to these species will be reduced, and financial, legal and societal support will have been achieved. The strategy is a multi-disciplinary, transnational endeavour aimed at ensuring the long-term viability of these unique frogs and their particular habitat. ; Zoo Leipzig Huilo Huilo Foundation Universidad Andres Bello Fundacion MERI Forestal Arauco Darwin Vineyards Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1181758 3180107 ; Versión publicada - versión final del editor