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"Russian Westernizers and Change in International Relations summarizes the Westernizing trend in Russian thought from the early nineteenth century to the present day. The book looks at Russian thinkers and politicians who have considered Western/European civilization to be superior to others and who have drawn the conclusion that Russia consequently ought to align itself with the West, rather than preserving certain traditional Russian values - and that not doing so is an impediment to political, social, and economic evolution. Within this trend of thought, the author identifies four schools - Christian Westernizers, Economic Liberals, Political Liberals, and Social State Supporters - and explores examples of each. The author compares Russian thinkers from different periods, finding contrasts and similarities within their political and historical settings and assessing their responses to their unique circumstances. He analyzes Russian Westernizers' self-definition and ideas of national freedom relative to those of Western nations, exploring how the West's definition of values and institutions have changed over time. He shows how Western historical developments affected waves of Westernization and pro-Western thinking inside Russia, arguing the importance of this being grounded in national state-building priorities. The growing complexity of global relations, the declining global influence of the West, and the war in Ukraine present Russian Westernizers with new questions and challenges, and the book assesses the resulting implications. This book will appeal to students and scholars of Russian foreign policy, Russia-West relations, IR theory, diplomatic studies, political science, and European history including the history of ideas"--

"The "Russian Idea" in International Relations identifies different approaches within Russian Civilizational tradition - Russia's nationally distinctive way of thinking - by situating them within IR literature and connecting them to practices of the country's international relations. Civilizational ideas in IR theory express states' cultural identification and stress religious traditions, social customs, and economic and political values. This book defines Russian civilizational ideas by two criteria: the values they stress and their global ambitions. The author identifies leading voices among those positioning Russia as an exceptional and globally significant system of values and traces their arguments across several centuries of the country's development. In addition, the author explains how and why Russian civilizational ideas rise, fall, and are replaced by alternative ideas. The book identifies three schools of Russian civilizational thinking about international relations - Slavophiles, Communists, and Eurasianists. Each school focuses on Russia's distinctive spiritual, social, and geographic roots, respectively. Each one is internally divided between those claiming Russia's exceptionalism, potentially resulting in regional autarchy or imperial expansion, and those advocating the Russian Idea as global in its appeal. Those favoring the latter perspective have stressed Russia's unique capacity for understanding different cultures and guarding the world against extremes of nationalism and hegemony in international relations. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Russian foreign policy, Russia-Western relations, IR theory, diplomatic studies, political science, and European history, including the history of ideas"--

Russian Realism analyzes Russian contemporary geopolitical thinking, or realism, and explores the notion of Derzhava as the foundation of Russian realism. The author defines Russian realists as all those favoring actions by the Russian state in defense of its interests, including protection of national sovereignty, security, power, and prestige on the international scene. What makes Russian realism distinct is its ⁰́₈vision of Russianness⁰́₉ formed by the country⁰́₉s historical, cultural/religious experience, and its semi-peripheral position in the international system. The vision stresses the importance of survival, preservation of strong state, and protection of national interests from external infringement. Mainstream literature, especially in the West, tends to ignore Russian theoretical debates and narratives; this book remedies this by providing significant insights into Russian realist thinking. It explores the historical unfolding of the longstanding national debates about Russia⁰́₉s role in Europe / the West and how realists have reframed these debates in response to multiple international and domestic developments. The book also identifies distinct groups and debates within the broad school of Russian realism. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Russian foreign policy, IR theory, diplomatic studies, political science, and European history. It will also appeal to a broader general audience of those interested in Russia and international politics.

This work studies the role of US media in presenting American values as principally different from and superior to those of Russia. The analysis focuses on the media's narratives, frames, and nature of criticism of the Russian side and is based on texts of editorials of selected mainstream newspapers in the United States and other media sources. The text identifies five media narratives of Russia - 'transition to democracy' (1991-1995), 'chaos' (1995-2005), 'neo-Soviet autocracy' (2005-2013), 'foreign enemy' (since 2014), and 'collusion' (since 2016) - each emerging in a particular context and supported by distinct frames.

Routledge handbook of Russian foreign policy- Front Cover -- Routledge handbook of Russian foreign policy -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of illustrations -- Figures -- Tables -- List of contributors -- Preface -- PART I: Theories and conditions -- Chapter 1: International norms and identity -- Key assumptions: what makes constructivism constructivist? -- Constructivist studies of RFP -- Methodological considerations -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Global (post)structural conditions -- Introduction: what does structuralism mean? -- The Russian case: the general and the specific -- Historical materialist approaches -- Discursive and institutionalist approaches -- Exploring the way forward: a subaltern empire facing Western hegemony -- Conclusion: promises and limitations of structuralism -- Glossary -- Note -- References -- Chapter 3: Power and national security -- Introduction -- Different realisms -- Soviet/Russian foreign policy through the prism of realist perspectives -- Conclusions: the promises and caveats of applying neoclassical realism to Russian foreign policy analysis -- Note -- References -- Chapter 4: Geopolitics -- Imperial geopolitics: Mahan and Mackinder -- Russia: the geopolitics of periphery -- Soviet-German geopolitics 1917–1947 -- Cold War geopolitics -- Post-Cold War geopolitics -- The geopolitics of Russian foreign policy -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Chapter 5: Nationalism -- 'Nationalist' foreign policy: defining the undefinable? -- Approaches to nationalism and foreign policy: driver or driven? -- Towards a holistic model of nationalism and RFP -- Towards testable hypotheses? -- Future questions and themes -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Chapter 6: Petropolitics -- Introduction

Tsygankov provides a succinct account of the major periods in evolution of Russia's strong state construct by reviewing the external and internal contexts of its emergence, progression, and fall in Muscovy, St. Petersburg, Soviet Union, and post-Soviet Russia with an emphasis on the last two decades. Each time a combination of these contexts was distinct thereby producing different political outcomes in Russia. The book argues that a perspective on Russia from a Western viewpoint is limited and that there has been an alternative way of thinking about the nation and its problems

Assessment of the Holy AllianceNotes; 6 The Triple Entente, 1907-1917; The Policy of Realignment with the West; The Russo-French Alliance; Russia-Britain Relations; Russia and Balkan Politics; The Triple Entente, 1907-1917: Timeline; Explaining Russia's Realignment with the West; Nicholas's Sense of Honor; Russia's Domestic Conditions and Support; The Allies; Alternative Explanations; Assessment; Notes; 7 The Collective Security, 1933-1939; The Soviet Struggle for Collective Security; Joining the League of Nations; Litvinovs Crusade; Setbacks; Munich and After.

The book suggests that the US-Russia post-9/11 partnership did not endure because much of America's policy is shaped by an ambition to remain the world's only superpower. The book analyzes the negative role played by Russophobia and advocates a different approach to Russia in the post-Cold War world.

Abstract
The paper identifies several Russian visions of future relations with Ukraine and Western nations from the mid-term perspective. Russian scholars and foreign policy analysts have debated several scenarios of future relations that can be defined as a long war, a hostile coexistence, and a renewed peace. While not entirely exclusive, each has its own internal logic and is driven by distinct forces. The paper reviews writings and commentaries by Russian thinkers as reflective of the identified scenarios by analyzing and comparing their arguments. From the Russian perspective, a stable peace is only possible by addressing issues of values, security, and economic and political relations among Russia, Ukraine, and Western countries. An analysis of Russia's internal discussions presents an opportunity to understand the diversity of the country's reasoning about future international relations.