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ITALIANO: La centralità dell'età comunale nelle "storie nazionali" della seconda metà dell'Ottocento è indubbia, ma è la sua interpretazione storica e politica è sempre stata controversa. Seguendo il significato del termine "democrazia" nelle principali opere dedicate al comune, emergono tutte le contraddizioni che hanno sempre accompagnato la lettura dell'età comunale nella cultura italiana di fine secolo. Coesistevano due significati diversi del termine: democrazia come regime e democrazia come "classe sociale" (popolani, lavoratori di bassa condizione sociale). La prevalenza di quest'ultimo senso ha portato verso una graduale ma inarrestabile visione negativa del comune: un esperimento incompleto e destinato al fallimento proprio nel momento in cui voleva diventare "democratico", perché l'ingresso delle masse nel gioco politico doveva condure necessariamente alla tirannia. / ENGLISH: The importance of the communal period in the 'national histories' of the second half of the 19th century cannot be denied: however, its historical and political interpretation appears far more contradictory. By examining the alternate significance of 'democracy' in the main studies devoted to the commune, it is possible to identify all contradictions which have always characterised the analysis of the communal period in the late 19th-century Italian culture. In particular, two different meanings of the term coexisted: democracy as regime and democracy as 'social class' (popular, low social status workers). This last meaning, led to a gradual, but relentless negative interpretation of the commune as an incomplete experiment, bound to fail precisely when it aimed to become 'democratic': the power to the masses led inevitably to the tyranny.

This paper offers a sketch of the life and work of the bolognese circle of professors of law called, insome legal manuscripts of the end of thirteenth century, the "moderni": it was the generationactive in Bologna between about 1270 and 1305, the years of the establishment and triumph of thenew government of the city by the popular party. It was not simply a matter of chronology. Thenew generation of doctores, like Lambertinus Ramponi, Pax de Pace, Basacomater de Basacomatre, Thomas Guidonis Ubaldini, Gardinus de Gardinis, was really different from theprevious ones, in their way of thinking and teaching and also in their way of establishing legaltheory. Emancipated around 1268, they began to take part in judicial affairs in 1269-70. Then they taught at the university: they wrote short treatises about legal procedure, and above all they wrotea lot of questiones, the most common learning method in law school in the second half of the 13th century. After the revolution of 1274 and the ban of the Ghibelline party, they were constantly present in the committees of sapientes, charged with reviewing the law, finding the solution for theemergencies in the public affairs and receiving the appeals from defendants implicated in political trials. I will suggest here three perspectives focused on the indissoluble link between juridical culture andpolitical power in thirteenth century Bologna professors. First, a brief sketch about the main stagesof a jurist's career; second, the role of academic culture, especially the questiones method, inshaping the political consciousness of the jurists; and finally, the consequences of their directcontrol over the issues of political justice during the last twenty years of the century.

Bibliografia medievistica di storia politica e istituzionale. ; Bibliography of medieval studies on political and institutional history.

Bibliography of medieval studies on political and institutional history. ; Bibliografia medievistica di storia politica e istituzionale.

Bibliografia medievistica di storia politica e istituzionale. ; Bibliography of medieval studies on political and institutional history.

Bibliography of medieval studies on political and institutional history. ; Bibliografia medievistica di storia politica e istituzionale.

Bibliography of medieval studies on political and institutional history. ; Bibliografia medievistica di storia politica e istituzionale.

This collection examines crime and punishment in medieval and early modern Bologna. Drawing from the city's singularly rich archival resources and employing a variety of perspectives, the contributors analyze various types of violence and place the city's institutions of criminal justice within their social, political, and cultural contexts.