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Maģistra darbs NATO un ES skatījums uz risku sabiedrībām veidots ar mērķi apzināt NATO un ES notikušās pārmaiņas drošības politikās 90.-tajos gados, lai noskaidrotu vai tās ir notikušas reaģējot uz risku sabiedrību radītajiem drošības izaicinājumiem un vai abas drošības kopienas veic nepieciešamos sadarbības pasākumus, lai efektīvi risinātu jaunos riskus. Darba teorētiskajā daļā tika aplūkotas Ulriha Beka idejas par risku sabiedrību konceptu, kā arī formulēts risku sabiedrību risku definējums. Vienīgā iespēja, kā var risināt mūsdienu risku sabiedrību radītos drošības izaicinājumus, ir valstu pārnacionāla sadarbība starptautisko organizāciju ietvaros. Praktiskajā daļā tika veltītas sadaļas NATO un ES 90.-tajos gados notikušajai darbības transformācijai, noskaidrojot, vai tā notika ar mērķi reaģēt uz risku sabiedrībām. Vienlaikus tika analizēts NATO un ES līdzšinējās sadarbības ietvars risku sabiedrību radīto risku risināšanā, identificējot galvenās problēmas. ; The objective of master's paper NATO and EU response to risk societies is to analyze the change experienced by NATO and EU during nineties and to clarify whether they have occurred in order to respond to new security challenges of risk societies and whether the cooperation of both security communities has been effective enough to deal with the new kind of risks. In the theoretical part of the paper were examined the ideas of Ulrich Beck about risk societies concept and definition of the risks derived from risk societies. Interstate transnational cooperation is the only way for states to deal with the new security challenges of risk societies. Paper's empirical part is dedicated for analyzes of NATO and EU changes during nineties, examining whether this transformation occurred in order to respond to risk societies, and also analyzes of former framework of NATO and EU cooperation in dealing with new security challenges of risk societies, identifying main problems, why it has been mainly formal.

The evolution of deterrence from the Cold War to hybrid war / Toms Rostoks -- NATO's conventional deterrence posture / Martin Zapfe, Nora Vanaga -- NATO's nuclear deterrence deficit / Andrew Corbett -- Total defence as a comprehensive approach to national security / Ieva Berzina -- Sweden and its deterrence deficit : quick to react, yet slow to act / Robert Dalsjö -- Finland's ambiguous deterrence : mixing deterrence by denial with ambiguous extended deterrence / Charly Salonius-Pasternak -- Norway : NATO in the north? / Karsten Friis -- Estonia's approach to deterrence : combining central and extended deterrence / Henrik Praks -- Latvia's defence strategy : challenges in providing a credible deterrence posture / Nora Vanaga -- The deterrence strategy of Lithuania : in search of right combination / Tomas Janeliunas -- Belarus' constrained efforts at national deterrence / Nora Vanaga -- Poland : the NATO's East European frontline nation / Zdzislaw Sliwa -- Germany : rediscovering collective defence, relearning deterrence, redefining its role in European defence / Claudia Major, Christian Mölling -- Romania's approach on deterrence / Carmen Sorina Rîjnoveanu.

Abstract
This article takes a comprehensive look at developments in Latvia's security and defence policies since 2014. The annexation of Crimea and the outbreak of the military conflict in Ukraine provided a major impetus for Latvian decision-makers to counter external and domestic threats to national security. The article discusses three key aspects of Latvia's post-2014 security and defence developments. First, it looks at the transformation of security perceptions on the policy-making level. Second, the article discusses Latvia's efforts to strengthen its military capabilities. Domestic security developments are also discussed. Third, differences between attitudes of Latvians and Russian-speakers towards a number of security and defence-related issues are presented. The article concludes that much has been done since 2014, but progress has been uneven. It will take more than just a few years to close the existing gaps in domestic and external security of Latvia.