The present study combines data from Mexico's employment surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo and Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo) with the country's official statistics on murder rates to create a state-level panel data set covering the period 1995 to 2013. Including most of the common controls identified by the literature, the results show that the rate of male youth ages 19 to 24 not studying and out of work (the so-called ninis), is not correlated with homicide rates during the period 1995 to 2006. However, there is evidence that a positive correlation between male ninis and murder rates arises between 2007 and 2013, a period during which murder rates in Mexico increased threefold. The association between ninis and homicide rates is stronger in states located along the border with the United States, a region particularly affected by organized crime and the international financial crisis of 2008-09.
La Calidad de Vida (CV) es un concepto complejo que intenta mostrar la perspectiva de una persona respecto a su vida. Sus componentes difieren, aún entre disciplinas con contextos y escalas semejantes. Esta revisión tiene por objetivos describir las definiciones e instrumentos para medir la CV, y el nivel de aplicación en los contextos de Salud y Energético- Ambiental, identificando en ellos sus divergencias y similitudes. Se encontraron dos definiciones diferentes de CV, y una variedad de aplicaciones e instrumentos a escala individual, social, institucional y urbana (entre otras) que no muestran un acuerdo capaz de validar comparaciones entre investigaciones que incluyan la CV. En disciplinas ambientales y energéticas la CV presenta componentes socio-urbanos-políticos, objetivamente evaluados; mientras que en salud la evaluación es subjetiva. Aunque no se completó la observación de todos sus componentes, pudo confirmarse la complejidad y baja confiabilidad comparativa de los instrumentos usados para medirla. ; Quality of Life (QOL) is a complex concept that attempts to show the perspective of a person about his life. Its components differ, even among disciplines with similar contexts and scales. This revision is aimed at describing the definitions and instruments to measure the QOL, and the level of implementation in the context of health and energy-environment, identifying their differences and similarities them. two different definitions of QOL were found, and a variety of applications and tools to individual, social, institutional and urban scale (among others) that do not show an agreement capable of validating research involving comparisons between the QOL. Environmental and energy fields in the QOL presents sociourban- political components, objectively evaluated; while health evaluation is subjective. While observing all its components was not completed, it could be confirmed comparative complexity and low reliability of the instruments used to measure it. ; Tema 12: Aspectos socioculturales y socio-económicos de la transferencia de tecnología en energías renovables. Experiencias. Metodologías. ; Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.