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Poverty of peoples is a crucial concern in development as in research questions. Measures of poverty represent a key issue in implementing politics towards resolution of deprivation conditions. In the last 40 years we assisted at two main approaches. The traditional income-consumption based studies (one-dimensional) and the Sen's capabilities-functionings approach (multidimensional) have mostly characterised deprivation and development analysis. An open debate grows on the evaluation of indigence and on method choice, mainly by a multidimensional view. Important implications on aggregation systems emerge, especially on weights and choice arbitrariness. Involvement of all stakeholders is considered as capital. This paper aims to turn a light on past and recent discussions on measuring poverty and development to further promote the conceptual and methodological debate on economical and social issues at a global, regional and national scale. ; La povertà umana è una tematica centrale nei programmi di sviluppo e nella ricerca. La misura della povertà rappresenta un fattore chiave nelle politiche finalizzate alla soluzione delle deprivazioni. Negli ultimi 40 anni lo studio si è basato su due approcci: il metodo classico del reddito-consumo (unidimensionale) e l'approccio capacità-funzionamenti di Sen (multidimensionale) hanno caratterizzato l'analisi dello sviluppo e della povertà. Il dibattito scientifico sulle modalità di stima delle condizioni di indigenza e sulla scelta del metodo da applicare evolve in chiave multidimensionale. Infatti, importanti sviluppi emergono dall'aggregazione dei dati, dai sistemi di ponderazione e dall'arbitrarietà delle scelte dove il coinvolgimento di tutti gli stakeholders è considerato essenziale. Il presente lavoro vuole porre l'attenzione sulle precedenti ed attuali riflessioni riguardo la misurazione della povertà, al fine di aprire ulteriormente il dibattito concettuale e metodologico sulle tematiche economico-sociali al livello globale e nazionale.

This paper offers an overview of assessment methods for physicalplanning, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. Anattempt is made to link multi-criteria analysis to meta-analysis byapplying rough set theory as a framework for comparative study. Anempirical application on the explanation of productivity differencesin OECD countries is used to ilustrate the potential of thisapproach.

International audience ; Poverty of peoples is a crucial concern in development as in research questions. Measures of poverty represent a key issue in implementing politics towards resolution of deprivation conditions. In the last 40 years we assisted at two main approaches. The traditional income-consumption based studies (one-dimensional) and the Sen's capabilities-functionings approach (multidimensional) have mostly characterised deprivation and development analysis. An open debate grows on the evaluation of indigence and on method choice, mainly by a multidimensional view. Important implications on aggregation systems emerge, especially on weights and choice arbitrariness. Involvement of all stakeholders is considered as capital. This paper aims to turn a light on past and recent discussions on measuring poverty and development to further promote the conceptual and methodological debate on economical and social issues at a global, regional and national scale. ; La povertà umana è una tematica centrale nei programmi di sviluppo e nella ricerca. La misura della povertà rappresenta un fattore chiave nelle politiche finalizzate alla soluzione delle deprivazioni. Negli ultimi 40 anni lo studio si è basato su due approcci: il metodo classico del reddito-consumo (unidimensionale) e l'approccio capacità-funzionamenti di Sen (multidimensionale) hanno caratterizzato l'analisi dello sviluppo e della povertà. Il dibattito scientifico sulle modalità di stima delle condizioni di indigenza e sulla scelta del metodo da applicare evolve in chiave multidimensionale. Infatti, importanti sviluppi emergono dall'aggregazione dei dati, dai sistemi di ponderazione e dall'arbitrarietà delle scelte dove il coinvolgimento di tutti gli stakeholders è considerato essenziale. Il presente lavoro vuole porre l'attenzione sulle precedenti ed attuali riflessioni riguardo la misurazione della povertà, al fine di aprire ulteriormente il dibattito concettuale e metodologico sulle tematiche economico-sociali al livello globale e nazionale.

International audience ; Poverty of peoples is a crucial concern in development as in research questions. Measures of poverty represent a key issue in implementing politics towards resolution of deprivation conditions. In the last 40 years we assisted at two main approaches. The traditional income-consumption based studies (one-dimensional) and the Sen's capabilities-functionings approach (multidimensional) have mostly characterised deprivation and development analysis. An open debate grows on the evaluation of indigence and on method choice, mainly by a multidimensional view. Important implications on aggregation systems emerge, especially on weights and choice arbitrariness. Involvement of all stakeholders is considered as capital. This paper aims to turn a light on past and recent discussions on measuring poverty and development to further promote the conceptual and methodological debate on economical and social issues at a global, regional and national scale. ; La povertà umana è una tematica centrale nei programmi di sviluppo e nella ricerca. La misura della povertà rappresenta un fattore chiave nelle politiche finalizzate alla soluzione delle deprivazioni. Negli ultimi 40 anni lo studio si è basato su due approcci: il metodo classico del reddito-consumo (unidimensionale) e l'approccio capacità-funzionamenti di Sen (multidimensionale) hanno caratterizzato l'analisi dello sviluppo e della povertà. Il dibattito scientifico sulle modalità di stima delle condizioni di indigenza e sulla scelta del metodo da applicare evolve in chiave multidimensionale. Infatti, importanti sviluppi emergono dall'aggregazione dei dati, dai sistemi di ponderazione e dall'arbitrarietà delle scelte dove il coinvolgimento di tutti gli stakeholders è considerato essenziale. Il presente lavoro vuole porre l'attenzione sulle precedenti ed attuali riflessioni riguardo la misurazione della povertà, al fine di aprire ulteriormente il dibattito concettuale e metodologico sulle tematiche economico-sociali al livello globale e nazionale.

Résumé La réforme de la réglementation des transports dans l'Union européenne a incité les autorités organisatrices des transports collectifs urbains à soumettre de plus en plus cette activité à la concurrence du marché. La politique de l'Union européenne favorise en particulier l'instauration d'un régime de concurrence limitée dans les transports en commun par leur concession à des opérateurs. Le présent article examine le cadre organisationnel qui se dessine en conséquence et tente de définir les conditions du succès des systèmes de transports collectifs locaux dans un échantillon de vingt-deux villes européennes. Il dresse, en se fondant sur les résultats de vastes recherches sur le terrain, un tableau systématique des performances des systèmes de transports collectifs dans ces centres urbains afin d'étudier les effets sur celles-ci de quatre catégories de facteurs cruciaux de succès. La partie empirique de l'étude fait appel à la fois à l'analyse qualitative interprétative et à un outil de l'intelligence artificielle mis au point récemment, à savoir l'analyse par les ensembles d'approximation, afin d'aboutir à des conclusions utiles pour le choix de politiques.

Regulatory reform in EU transport policy has prompted urban public transport authorities to operate increasingly under a competitive market regime. The EU policy favors in particular a system of limited competition through the granting of concessions to public transport operators. This paper reviews the emerging organizational framework and seeks to identify the success conditions for local public transport systems in a sample of 22 European cities. On the basis of extensive field research, a systematic performance table of urban public transport systems in these cities is created with the aim of investigating the impact of four classes of critical success factors on the performance of these systems. In the empirical part both a qualitative interpretative analysis and a recently developed tool from artificial intelligence, viz. rough set analysis, is deployed in order to derive policy-relevant conclusions. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 16 References. (Original abstract - amended)

Regulatory reform in EU transport policy has prompted urban public transport authorities to operate increasingly under a competitive market regime. The EU policy favors in particular a system of limited competition through the granting of concessions to public transport operators. This paper reviews the emerging organizational framework & seeks to identify the success conditions for local public transport systems in a sample of 22 European cities. On the basis of extensive field research, a systematic performance table of urban public transport systems in these cities is created with the aim of investigating the impact of four classes of critical success factors on the performance of these systems. In the empirical part both a qualitative interpretative analysis & a recently developed tool from artificial intelligence, viz. rough set analysis, is deployed in order to derive policy-relevant conclusions. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 16 References. Adapted from the source document.

In the spirit of the devolution of public policy, we have recently witnessed an increasing popularity of decentralised forms of decision-making in urban land-use policy, in which both local (or regional) authorities and the private sector play a more prominent joint role in the preparation and implementation of urban development projects. The paper describes the pathway to a more institutional multi-actor mode of urban land-use and revitalisation projects within the framework of deregulated land markets and maps out various relevant aspects of competitive land use. In particular, an attempt is made to identify the crucial `drivers' of this complex decision-making process in an urban context, against the background of revitalisation objectives for modern cities. The literature suggests, in particular, that the institutional constellation, the financial viability and the presence of spatial externalities may act as critical factors for public-private partnerships. This proposition is tested in the paper by means of a comparative study on nine carefully selected urban development projects—more specifically, nine types of public-private partnerships—in The Netherlands. After the design of a systematic database on these projects, a particular type of qualitative fuzzy classification analysis originating from artificial intelligence, known as rough set analysis, is deployed to assess and identify the most important factors that are responsible for successes and failures of recent development plans in Dutch cities. This approach allows us to pinpoint the most critical policy variables.

Ethnic entrepreneurship has become a popular concept in a modern multi–cultural society. This paper seeks to offer an overview of the potential of ethnic entrepreneurship for solving inter alia the structural unemployment problems of ethnic groups in cities. There is a general lack of empirical evidence on this issue in the current literature. The present paper aims to fill this gap by addressing in particular the critical success conditions for ethnic entrepreneurs. The focus of the research is on variations in success across three ethnic groups in the Amsterdam area. By means of structured personal interviews with many ethnic entrepreneurs, a systematic qualitative data base was created. The paper sets out to identify empirically the driving forces for business success, such as education or the role of informal networks. The explanatory framework deployed for the identification of these qualitative success factors for distinct ethnic groups is based on a particular, recently developed artificial intelligence method, viz. rough set analysis. This multidimensional classification approach appears to be able to identify various important factors for the motivation and performance of ethnic enterprises. Two major findings emerge from this investigation: (i) performance conditions vary across ethnic groups, and (ii) informal networks are crucial for business success.